Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a major health issue worldwide, with hyperglycemia being the primary symptom. Uncontrolled hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus can lead to a variety of complications. This research aims to analyze the effectiveness of black garlic in reducing blood glucose in diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin. Methods: A randomized pretest-posttest-only control group design was used in this experimental study. Twenty-four male Wistar Rats were divided into six groups randomly, that is a normal group (N) without any treatment, a negative control group (C-) with streptozotocin induction, a positive control group (C+) with streptozotocin induction plus administration of metformin 45mg/kg BW and treatment groups (T1, T2, and T3) with streptozotocin induction plus administration of black garlic at doses of 72 mg/200gBW/day, 144 mg/200gBW/day, and 288 mg/200gBW/day respectively. The study was conducted for 14 days of treatment. Blood glucose was measured with a glucometer, and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 26 by paired t-test. Results: Based on the Comparability analysis, giving black garlic for 14 days showed significant differences in blood glucose levels before and after treatment in groups C-, C+, T1, T2, and T3 with P<0,05. Based on the different averages of the data, in group C+, there was a significant increase in blood glucose levels, while in groups C-, T1, T2, and T3, there was a significant decrease in blood glucose levels. Conclusion: Black garlic significantly lowers blood glucose levels in white male rats (Rattus norvegicus) diabetes mellitus model induced by streptozotocin.
Introduction: Pain causes deterioration of quality of life. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) is used to relieve pain with upper gastrointestinal side effects. Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. (known as bangle) is commonly used to relieve pain, but no study has been proved to have analgesic effect. In empirical study, bangle is a potential analgesic due to its bioactive compound named zerumbone. The aim of this study was to investigate the analgesic effect of bangle rhizome ethanol extraction on thermally induced pain.Methods: Five groups of male Mus musculus consisting of 6 mice each were used. A single dose of bangle extract 2 mg/20 g, 4 mg/20 g, 8 mg/20 g, aspirin 1.82 mg/20 g, and aquadest 0.2 ml were administrated. The analgesic effect was evaluated by hot plate test. The test was evaluated at 15th, 30th, 45th minute. Latency period was observed when mice showed pain responses including hind paw shaking, hind paw licking or jumping. The data was analyzed by paired T-test and one-way ANOVA.Results: Results showed that all doses of bangle extract and aspirin 1.82 mg/20 g produced significant latency period (p<0.05) compared to baseline in each group using paired T-test. Latency period of bangle extract 8 mg/20 g was more significant than bangle extract 2 mg/20 g and 4 mg/20 g. One-way ANOVA showed no significant difference in latency period (p=0.1) between bangle extract and aspirin (p>0.05).Conclusion: Bangle extract has analgesic effect on thermally induced pain. The minimum dose for analgesic is 2 mg/20 g or potentially less.
Lack of public compliance with the implementation of health protocol activities in daily life has resulted in increased cases of Covid-19 in Indonesia, so the government issued the latest policy regarding the health protocol, namely 6M, which consists of wearing masks, maintaining hand hygiene, maintaining distance, reducing mobility, staying away from crowds, and avoid eating together. This study aims to educate and make the public more aware of the importance of health protocols during the Covid-19 pandemic. This research used total sampling method. The target of the counseling was non-medical students in Surabaya who took part in Covid-19 educational counseling by filling out complete pre-test and post-test questions. The results obtained were an increase in the average score (17.26 points) on tests filled before and after the educational presentation of health protocols with a value of p<0.001 (p<0.05), and 34 of them showed higher post-test scores. From the data that obtained from 92 samples, there was an increase and significant difference in knowledge about 6M health protocols after an online educational presentation given to non-medical students in Surabaya as evidenced by the increase in average score between pre-test and post-test.
Thalassemia is the most common monogenic disease in Asia, including Indonesia that causes burdens for the government, patients, and families. As the sixth most non-communicable disease, thalassemia utilized IDR 600 billion in 2022 for more than 300 thousand cases. With, 3.8% of Indonesians carrying a mutation of thalassemia on their globin gene, this economic burden is projected will increase if no actions are taken. On the other hand, child marriage is reported to increase every year, including among orphans. Without proper knowledge and genetic testing on thalassemia, child marriage might contribute to the increasing of thalassemia patients. Thus, increasing knowledge on thalassemia among orphan adolescents is important. This community development uses several methods, including seminar, discussion, book, and poster, targeting the orphan adolescents (n= 40) in Mojokerta, East Java. A questionnaire on thalassemia was used to measure the knowledge, before and after the activity. The results show that the respondents have a moderate knowledge about thalassemia (median= 4 (0-9)), and increase to median=9 (3-10)) after the activities (p< 0.001). Even though overall knowledge is increased, several information including thalassemia is a genetic disease, not similar to blood cancer, not the only type of anemia (Q6), and how to diagnose thalassemia (Q9) still need to be emphasized. Taken together, direct and indirect approaches, such as seminar, discussion, book, and poster are effective in increasing thalassemia knowledge among orphan adolescents. These activities are more effective in targeting late adolescents, compared to early and middle adolescents. However, more effective methods are necessary to target Generation Z who are more familiar with the internet.
Introduction: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen, poses a significant threat in hospital settings, causing nosocomial infections with severe consequences. The bacterium’s high antibiotic resistance, particularly through biofilm formation via quorum sensing (QS), complicates treatment strategies. This study explores the potential of eucalyptus (Melaleuca leucadendra), known for its antimicrobial properties especially due to 1,8-cineole, ecoenzyme in inhibiting Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Materials and Methods: This study is a posttest-only control group design. Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria were samped using simple random sampling. The study utilized the agar-well diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar to assess the antibacterial effect of eucalyptus (Melaleuca leucadendra) ecoenzyme. Concentrations tested ranged from 10% to 100% with three repetitions and incubation at 37 °C for 24 hours. Data were obtained by measuring the inhibition zone using calipers. Results: Contrary to expectations, the study found no antibacterial effect of eucalyptus (Melaleuca leucadendra) ecoenzyme on Pseudomonas aeruginosa at all concentrations tested (100%, 90%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, and 10%). Conclusion: The investigation into eucalyptus (Melaleuca leucadendra) ecoenzyme revealed no discernible antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These findings challenge the initial hypothesis and underscore the importance of thorough experimentation in assessing the potential of natural agents for combating nosocomial infections. Further research is needed to elucidate the complex interactions between Pseudomonas aeruginosa and eucalyputs (Melaleuca leucadendra).
Severe Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) can cause serious lung inflammation and death. COVID-19 is characterized by a high mortality rate. This severity is associated with the overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines called "cytokine storms". One of the cytokines that play a central role is Interleukin-6 (IL-6). High IL-6 levels are associated with mortality. Expectedly, the IL-6 blockade could reduce cytokine storms and thus reduce deaths in severe COVID-19 patients. This systematic review aimed to summarize the comparison between mortality using anti-IL-6 therapy and mortality using standard treatment in severe COVID-19 patients. We systematically searched the PubMed, ScienceDirect, and ProQuest databases until 13 August 2020. After screening, twelve studies matched the inclusion criteria. The mortality of the anti-IL-6 therapy group was lower than the standard treatment group without anti-IL-6 therapy in COVID-19 patients in 10 of the 12 studies obtained. Four of the ten studies statistically found a significant difference in mortality of the anti-IL-6 therapy group and the standard treatment group. Confirmation of anti-IL-6 therapy effectiveness in reducing mortality in severe COVID-19 patients will require randomized controlled trials.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is an infectious disease with various clinical presentation from asymptomatic to severe pneumonia and death. It is caused by the infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). One of the important mechanisms that underlies the severe respiratory syndrome of COVID-19 is the oxidant-antioxidant imbalances owing to the inflammatory response and excessive oxidative stress. The antioxidant defense system plays a role in balancing these excessive reactive species. This literature study aims to review several therapeutic approaches particularly antioxidative agents that may be favorable in the treatment of COVID-19.
Thalassemia, the fifth-most catastrophic disease with 10,555 patients, causes physical, emotional, and economic burden for the patient, their family, and the country. Annually, IDR 500 billion are needed to cover the treatment of thalassemia. This projected number will continue to increase if no action is taken, so education and knowledge dissemination are important for thalassemia prevention. This community development involves thalassemia patients and families as partners and encourages them to share their knowledge and experience about thalassemia with the Indonesian late adolescents, young adult, and middle-aged adult population through an online webinar to increase public knowledge on thalassemia. Education media, such as posters and videos, were developed and disseminated during the activity, followed by live sharing from thalassemia patients, parents, and pediatricians. The respondents’ knowledge of thalassemia was measured using an 11-items questionnaire before and after the online educational activity. The results show that the respondents have a good knowledge of thalassemia, and it increases after attending online education event about the disease (9.74+2.4, 10.22+0.77, p<0.001). Their knowledge was associated with health-related field experience, knowing someone with thalassemia, and their willingness to undergo thalassemia testing (p<0.046, 0.013, and 0.007, respectively). Thus, these findings support the importance of education and dissemination of information regarding Thalassemia. Moreover, strong knowledge might lead to a willingness to undergo thalassemia testing, which might lead to less marriage between carriers and, eventually, a reduction in the incidence of thalassemia major.
Introduction: The increasing number of COVID-19 cases in Indonesia that occur every day makes the government continue to promote the COVID-19 vaccination program as a form of preventing the transmission of the COVID-19 virus. But, the coverage of COVID-19 vaccination in Indonesia is still relatively low, where on July 15, 2021, dose 1 was 19.82% and dose 2 was 7.79%. The majority of people who are worried about the safety and effectiveness of vaccines express distrust of vaccines and question the halalness of vaccines. This illustrates the lack of knowledge about COVID-19 vaccination. The aim of this study is to increase the knowledge of non-medical college students in Surabaya about COVID-19 vaccination, so that they can be able to provide vaccination education to their environment, increase public enthusiasm to participate in the vaccination program, and have an impact on accelerating the vaccination program in Indonesia. Method: The measurement of the level of knowledge was conducted in Surabaya at the COVID-19 vaccination education socialization online event with the sample of non-medical college students in Surabaya. The measurement instrument used is through pre-test and post-test questions which were filled out through an online form by the sample before and after receiving educational socialization. Sample selection method with total sampling with the results obtained 92 samples. All data were processed using a statistical analysis program with the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test with a significant value at p<0.05. Results: The results obtained are an increase in the average value between the pre-test and post-test (65.21; 77.85). There is a significant difference in knowledge of COVID-19 vaccination between the pre-test and post-test with a value of p<0.001 (p<0.05). Conclusion: Based on data from online educational socialization events that have been held, there is an increased knowledge and a significant difference in knowledge of the COVID-19 vaccine in 92 non-medical college students in Surabaya as indicated by the results of the evaluation scores between the pre-test and post-test.
Introduction: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacterial infections may cause poor manifestations and even increase patients’ morbidity and mortality. The use of antibiotics in the management of infections remains the main therapy. However, ever-increasing antibacterial resistance has prompted researchers to find the solution. This study aimed to determine the effect of a combination of red coconut coir (Cocos nucifera L. var rubescens) in various concentrations and linezolid 10 µ/ml on the growth of MRSA bacteria in vitro.Methods: The antibacterial activity test method was well-diffusion test. Bacteria was plated in mueller hinton agar for 24 hours at 37oC. The treatment groups were red coconut coir extract and its combination with linezolid 10 µg/ml. The well-diffusion test results were statistically analyzed with the One-Way ANOVA and Tukey HSD post-hoc tests.Results: Mean inhibitory zone diameter formed in the C. nucifera L. var rubescens extract test in various concentrations was 12.5 ± 0.36 - 16.2 ± 0.79 mm, while its combination with 10 µg/ml linezolid produced mean inhibitory zone of 15.1 ± 1.31-18.4 ± 0.46 mm. There was a significant difference between groups (p<0.05).Conclusion: Increasing concentration of C. nucifera L. var rubescens extract was in line with the increase of mean diameter of the inhibitory zone. Extract and antibiotic combination tests showed higher mean diameter zones than the single test of materials. The combination of extract and linezolid has the potential to synergistically prevent antibacterial resistance.
