Nonmelanoma skin cancers are caused mainly by prolonged ultraviolet (UV) exposure. There is a growing interest in the prevention of skin cancer and antiaging treatment because of aging of the population. Currently, ablative fractional photothermolysis (FP) laser treatment is actively being performed for facial rejuvenation.The objective of this study was to prove the suppressive effect of CO2 fractional laser (FL) on skin cancer development.Two groups of hairless mice were treated with either CO2 FL or nothing at 3-week intervals during the 20 weeks of UV exposure period. The number of tumors was subsequently counted every 2 weeks over the 30-week period to the termination of the experiment. At 30 weeks, representative tumors were evaluated for tumor type. The authors also determined the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of the matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) and Type 1 procollagen.At 30 weeks, the UV- and FL-treated group showed a significantly lower tumor occurrence rate and a more benign progression of tumors than the UV-only treated group. The UV- and FL-treated group presented a higher mRNA level of Type 1 procollagen and a lower level of MMP-13 than the UV-only treated group.The occurrence of UV-induced skin tumors can be decreased by multiple sessions of ablative FP with CO2 laser.
Segmental neurofibromatosis (SN) is rare form of neurofibromatosis characterized that cutaneous or neural changes are limited to one region of the body. SN present neurofibroma and less frequently, cafe au lait macules (CALMs) on usually unilateral or rarely bilateral of the body region. SN seems to have fewer systemic complications than neurofibromatosis type I or II, except patients with plexiform neurofibromas (PNFs). PNFs are rare benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors which arise from single or multiple nerves. PNFs can easily become aggressive growth particularly during puberty or pregnancy and leading to disfigurement and functional impairment. Also, PNFs can transform to malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, higher rate than classic neurofibroma. So, it is important to decide appropriate treatment modalities and time to intervention. (Ann Dermatol 31(3) 331∼334, 2019)
Summary Background Even with the widespread clinical use of cannabinoid receptor ( CBR ) stimulating compounds, such as palmitoylethanolamine, the role of CBR agonists on inflammatory skin diseases is not yet fully understood. This study was performed to investigate the effects of CBR agonists on skin inflammation, using acute and chronic inflammation animal models. Methods The effectiveness of the newly synthesized cannabinoid receptor 1 ( CB 1R) agonists was determined using in vitro assays. Markers for epidermal permeability barrier function and skin inflammation were measured, and histological assessments were performed for evaluation. Results Topical application of CB 1R‐specific agonist significantly accelerated the recovery of epidermal permeability barrier function and showed anti‐inflammatory activity in both acute and chronic inflammation models. Histological assessments also confirmed the anti‐inflammatory effects, which is consistent with previous reports. Conclusions All of the results suggest that topical application of CB 1R‐specific agonist can be beneficial for alleviating the inflammatory symptoms in chronic skin diseases, including atopic dermatitis.
Please cite this paper as: Topical calcineurin inhibitors compromise stratum corneum integrity, epidermal permeability and antimicrobial barrier function. Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: 501–510.
Abstract
Background: Topical calcineurin inhibitors (TCIs) such as pimecrolimus and tacrolimus have recently been used for dermatologic diseases including atopic dermatitis instead of topical glucocorticoids, because they display comparable efficacy, but less-frequent side effects. Although even short-term topical glucocorticoid compromise epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis, the effects of TCI on barrier function have not yet been reported. However, viral infections such as eczema herpeticum and molluscum contagiosum, which could indicate an impaired skin barrier, continue to occur with TCI use in atopic dermatitis.
Objectives: We determined here whether TCIs disrupt epidermal permeability barrier and antimicrobial function, and whether these effects can be prevented.
Methods and results: In normal humans, topical pimecrolimus and tacrolimus applied twice-daily for 5 days, delay barrier recovery without an increase in basal transepidermal water loss was observed. Co-application of physiologic lipid mixture (PLM) containing an equimolar ratio of ceramides, cholesterol and free fatty acids normalized barrier homeostasis in the face of topical TCIs. In hairless mice, 4 days of TCI treatment also disrupted barrier function significantly. TCIs-treated epidermis showed the decrease of epidermal lipid content, lamellar body number and secretion, and lipid synthesis-related enzymes such as 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase, serine-palmitoyl transferase and fatty acid synthase, implying decreased lipid synthesis. TCIs also suppressed expression of IL-1α and antimicrobial peptides, CRAMP and mouse β-defensin 3. However, these TCI-induced abnormalities can be overridden by topical replacement with PLM.
Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that TCIs induce negative effects on the skin barrier including permeability and antimicrobial functions, which are mediated by decreasing epidermal lipid synthesis, lamellar body secretion and antimicrobial peptides expression through suppression of cytokine such as IL-1α, therefore co-treatment with PLM would be helpful to overcome these negative effects.
Research into the Baumann skin type (BST) has recently expanded, with growing interest in the development of an efficient and effective skin type classification system for better understanding of this skin condition.We aimed to identify male-specific skin type characteristics with investigation into the distribution of BST by age and region in the Korean male population and to determine the intrinsic and extrinsic factors related to skin type.A questionnaire was administered to collect information about age, region, working behavior, drinking behavior, smoking behavior, usual habit of sun protection, medical history, and the BST which consisted of four parameters; oily (O) or dry (D), sensitive (S) or resistant (R), pigmented (P) or non-pigmented (N), and wrinkled (W) or tight (T).We surveyed 1,000 Korean males aged between 20 and 60 years who were divided equally by age and region. Of the total respondents, OSNW type accounted for the largest percentage and ORPW type the lowest. In terms of Baumann parameters, O type was 53.5%, S type was 56.1%, N type was 84.4% and W type was 57.5%. Several behavioral factors were found to have various relationships with the skin type.The predominant skin type in the Korean male respondents was OSNW type, and the distribution of skin types with regards to age and region was reported to be distinct. Therefore, skin care should be customized based on detailed skin types considering the various environmental factors.
Abstract Background Although several studies have reported on the biological effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, there have been only a few reports on the changes in epidermal lipids following long‐term UV irradiation at suberythemal dose (SED), to which people are usually exposed during their lifetime. Objectives To investigate the changes of epidermal lipid properties after long‐term UV radiation with SED. Materials and methods Hairless mice were irradiated three times weekly for 15 weeks at an SED of UV (UVB: 20 mJ/cm 2 ; UVA: 14 J/cm 2 ). Every three weeks, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured by a Tewameter. The morphological alterations of stratum corneum (SC) lipid lamellae were examined by electron microscopy (EM). Activities of three key enzymes for mRNA of serine palmitoyl transferase, fatty acid synthase, and HMG CoA reductase were analyzed with real time reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction. We also measured the amount of ceramide, cholesterol sulfate, and free fatty acid in the SC by high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography with exposed times. Results The SED UV‐irradiated group showed increased TEWL after 12 weeks. Following the irradiation period, EM revealed incomplete and separated lamellae at SC intercellular space. mRNA of three key enzymes was increased until six weeks of UV irradiation and decreased thereafter. However, three major lipid amounts gradually decreased throughout the exposed period, with a notable decrease in ceramide. Conclusions Long‐term UV irradiation even with SED influences skin barrier function and structure with prominent ceramide decrease in SC intercellular lipid.
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