Habitats of aquatic creatures (fishes Oncorhynchus masou masou, Plecoglossus altivelis altivel and Cyprinus carpio, fireflies Luciola cruciata and Luciola lateralis, and frogs Anura sp) in the Natori River basin located at the middle of Miyagi prefecture were evaluated dynamically using the water temperature as one of the environmental indices. HSI (Habitat Suitability Index) and WUA (Weighted Useable Area) of aquatic creatures were quantitatively calculated from numerical map information and hydrological simulation with a heat budget model. As results, general HSI of fireflies increased but of frogs decreased by adding the factor water temperature. Migration of Plecoglossus altivelis altivel could be represented by the variation of WUA.
Subsurface warming in urban areas is higher in magnitude than increases in surface air temperatures. However, little evidence exists on the effects of urbanization on subsurface environments, and there are few quantitative estimates of the effectiveness of adaptation measures. We analyzed the relationship between ground surface warming and the extent of landscape change using subsurface temperature anomalies as an indicator of surface warming in five urban areas in Japan. To interpret these results for urban planning, we presented the percentages of green areas that would be needed to achieve certain reductions in ground surface temperatures for areas with different urbanization levels. Accordingly, a 0.5 °C reduction in average ground surface temperatures can be achieved by an increased Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) value of 0.035, which accounts for approximately a 17% increase in natural green areas in an area with 75% urbanization. This study provides quantitative estimates to cope with urban warming at the local scale in the face of climate change.
The estimation of electromagnetic radiation from a digital IC is studied. In this estimation, digital IC output current which is calculated by using a linear equivalent circuit, was used. The calculated values of output current from a digital IC were in relatively good agreement with the measured values. In some cases, however, the calculated values were different from the measured values. This occurs when the nonlinear characteristics of a digital IC are large. By considering the nonlinear characteristics, the output current from a digital IC can be calculated more accurately.
This paper described Runoff Characteristics in drought period based on Minimum monthlyPrecipitation and Continuous dry days. Therefore, we conducted during September 2005 to August 2007 in the upper Iwaki catchment, Japan with distributed snowmelt runoff model. As the result of the analysis with Continuous dry days, the runoff analysis shows precipitation in July and August have an impact on lack of river discharge, but shows precipitation in June don't have an impact on river discharge because snow contribute to discharge. Moreover, river discharge has decreased about 5m3/s when continuous dry days have 21 days in July. So these shows drought event probability get higher when timing of the appearance of continuous dry days are increasing distance from snowmelt season.
Although a large number of effort has been made on the analysis of water balance in a small basin, little is known about the balance in wider area in detail. Remote sensing technic is useful for the analysis. Recently snow volume and evapotranspiration distribution can be evaluated from satellite data. Therefore water balance in the Tohoku district, 66, 000km2, is studied from using these data in this paper. As the result, we obtain the distribution of precipitation and runoff ratio, and discuss these data.
Abstract. To evaluate the frequency and distribution of landslides hazards over Japan, this study uses a probabilistic model based on multiple logistic regression analysis. Study particular concerns several important physical parameters such as hydraulic parameters, geographical parameters and the geological parameters which are considered to be influential in the occurrence of landslides. Sensitivity analysis confirmed that hydrological parameter (hydraulic gradient) is the most influential factor in the occurrence of landslides. Therefore, the hydraulic gradient is used as the main hydraulic parameter; dynamic factor which includes the effect of heavy rainfall and their return period. Using the constructed spatial data-sets, a multiple logistic regression model is applied and landslide hazard probability maps are produced showing the spatial-temporal distribution of landslide hazard probability over Japan. To represent the landslide hazard in different temporal scales, extreme precipitation in 5 years, 30 years, and 100 years return periods are used for the evaluation. The results show that the highest landslide hazard probability exists in the mountain ranges on the western side of Japan (Japan Sea side), including the Hida and Kiso, Iide and the Asahi mountainous range, the south side of Chugoku mountainous range, the south side of Kyusu mountainous and the Dewa mountainous range and the Hokuriku region. The developed landslide hazard probability maps in this study will assist authorities, policy makers and decision makers, who are responsible for infrastructural planning and development, as they can identify landslide-susceptible areas and thus decrease landslide damage through proper preparation.
