The success of advanced Background Subtraction (BGS) algorithms for dynamic backgrounds is mostly in land scenes such as those in CDNet benchmarks; few handle underwater scenes, since existing underwater video datasets are either in low resolution or with only static backgrounds. Consequently, the lack of reliable BGS support makes supervised Moving-Objects Segmentation (MOS) algorithms much harder to adapt to unknown underwater scenes because of the diversities of the aquatic environments. For example, those trained by the latest underwater image dataset, SUIM, are ineffective in the underwater videos of our experiments.The underwater waving objects (e.g., plants) often render existing BGS algorithms inaccurate due to three types of errors: (a) incompletely identified MOs (Moving Objects), (b) missing MOs, and (c) falsely identified MOs. In this paper, we propose a novel Clustering-Based Multi-State Background Representation (CBMSBR) model to learn and represent the repeatable patterns of waving movements in k background states (i.e., color ranges) per pixel, and thus accurately subtract the background waving objects to reduce these errors. In addition, we further develop a CBMSBR+ model to remove the more challenging background objects in unusually large magnitudes of wavings. Both models come from a basic observation: the video pixels in the waving zones repeatedly switch among multiple background states; e.g., a pixel switches among water state, plant 1 state, and plant 2 state. To test our proposed models, we create experiments using three types of challenging scenarios that each often covers at least two error types, i.e., the scattered MOs scenario covering (b) and (c), the crowded MOs scenario covering (a) - (c), and the slow MOs scenario covering (a) and (c). Experiments on these scenarios demonstrate the accuracy, effectiveness, and efficiency of our models and their applications in MOS improvements.
Rhizoctonia solani root rot is a devastating fungal disease that causes significant yield losses in legume crops. A novel endophytic fungus Fusarium falciforme R-423 isolated from pigeon pea had a significant antagonistic capacity against R. solani. F. falciforme R-423 extracts could inhibit R. solani growth and cause it to die. Four host-specific and 15 genus-specific metabolites were identified as potential antimicrobial compounds. F. falciforme R-423's inoculation effectively controlled R. solani root rot in pigeon pea seedlings and promoted root growth. Co-inoculation of F. falciforme R-423 and R. solani reduced the levels of oxidative stress, pathogenesis- and biosynthesis-related gene expression, and phenolic compound accumulation in roots compared to those infected with R. solani, confirming that reactive oxygen species-mediated host defense responses were alleviated due to the effective control of R. solani by F. falciforme R-423. Overall, F. falciforme R-423 was a promising biocontrol agent against R. solani root rot in legume crops.
Root rot is one of the common diseases of Lycium barbarum . Pathogens can cause devastating disasters to plants after infecting host plants. This study investigated the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Rhizophagus intraradices inoculation on phenylpropane metabolism in L. barbarum and evaluated its resistance to root rot. The experiment was set up with AMF inoculation treatments (inoculated or not) and root rot pathogen- Fusarium solani inoculation treatments (inoculated or not). The results showed that AMF was able to form a symbiosis with the root system of L. barbarum , thereby promoting plant growth significantly and increasing plants’ resistance to disease stress. The plant height of AMF-colonized L. barbarum increased by 24.83% compared to non-inoculated diseased plants. After inoculation with AMF, the plant defense response induced by pathogen infection was stronger. When the enzyme activity of the leaves reached the maximum after the onset of mycorrhizal L. barbarum , phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, cinnamic acid-4-hydroxylase, and 4-coumaric acid-CoA ligase increased by 3.67%, 31.47%, and 13.61%, respectively, compared with the non-inoculated diseased plants. The products related to the lignin pathway and flavonoid pathway downstream of phenylpropane metabolism such as lignin and flavonoids were also significantly increased by 141.65% and 44.61% compared to nonmycorrhizal diseased plants. The activities of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase increased by 36.00% and 57.96%, respectively. The contents of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid were also 17.7% and 31.63% higher than those of nonmycorrhizal plants in the early stage of plant growth, respectively. The results indicated that AMF significantly promoted plant growth and enhanced disease resistance by increasing enzyme activities and the production of lignin and flavonoids.
The effect of citrate salts in different concentrations on the system of allocated milk alcohol drink was studied in this paper. The pH value and viscosity of the milk alcohol drink system increased with the increase of the citrate concentration. In addition, when the concentration of citrate increased from 0.002 mol/L to 0.02 mol/L, and when the concentration of alcohol was higher than 20%, there was nearly same increase on the pH value of the system. However, as far as the viscosity of all milk alcohol drink system was concerned, the increase of viscosity was less and less with the increase of the alcohol concentration. The experimental results also indicated that the concentration of 0.008 mol/L was the optimum one to the stability of casein to alcohol.
Abstract C 16 H 12 Cl 2 N 2 O 2 , orthorhombic, P 2 1 2 1 2 1 (no. 19), a = 6.0741(4) Å, b = 14.9623(8) Å, c = 16.2178(9) Å, V = 1473.91(15) Å 3 , Z = 4, R gt ( F ) = 0.0376, wR ref ( F 2 ) = 0.0918, T = 293(2) K.
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