The effect of three different factors i.e. tillage treatments (no-till, chisel plowing, and disk plowing), axle load (6 and 14 tons axle−1 vehicle), and tyre inflation pressure (300 and 150 kPa) on root density and soil physical properties (bulk density, cone penetration resistance, and infiltration rate) was studied. In addition, the effect of tillage treatments on beans root density was investigated. Response to the above factors was measured up to 48 cm soil depth. Axle load and tillage treatments increased the dry bulk density and cone penetration resistance up to 24 cm soil depth, and tyre inflation pressure and axle load increased them up to 48 cm soil depth. The loaded vehicle with high tyre inflation pressure on no-till plot had the greatest effect while the unloaded vehicle with low tyre inflation pressure on chisel ploughed plots had the least effect. In general, the effects of these factors on soil penetration resistance followed the same trend but with different depth-wise magnitudes. Axle load and tyre inflation rate in the chisel-ploughed plots was higher than in no-till and disk-ploughed plots at the same axle load and tyre inflation pressure. Plants in the no-till and disk-plough treatments had a higher concentration of roots near the base of the plant compared to the plants in the chisel-ploughed treatment.
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to make a three-dimensional computational analysis of melting in corrugated pipe inserted system filled with phase change material (PCM). The system was heated from the inner pipe, and temperature of the outer pipe was lower than that of inner pipe. Different geometrical ratio cases and two different temperature differences were tested for their effect on melting time. Design/methodology/approach A computational analysis through a pipe with corrugated pipe filled with PCM is analyzed. Finite volume method was applied with the SIMPLE algorithm method to solve the governing equations. Findings The results indicate that the geometrical parameters can be used to control the melting time inside the heat exchanger which, in turn, affect the energy efficiency. The fastest melting time is seen in Case 4 at the same temperature difference which is the major observation of the current work. Originality/value Originality of this work is to perform a three-dimensional analysis of melting of PCM in a corrugated pipe inserted pipe.
Bitter vetch seed is one of the main contaminants of wheat grain in Jordan. The mechanical separation ofbitter vetch from wheat grain was studied. The separation method depends on the difference in physical properties (rollingability) between the crop seed and the contaminant. A laboratory type inclined belt conveyor was designed andconstructed to give different inclination angles and belt speeds. At low feed rates the test results showed that the beltconveyor efficiently separates a mixture of wheat contaminated with 10% bitter vetch at a belt speed of 0.42 m/s (1.38 ft/s)and 15 inclination angle.
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study about the natural convection of water-based nanofluid in a partially open trapezoidal cavity under the influence of Brownian diffusion and thermophoresis. Design/methodology/approach Governing equations formulated in dimensionless stream function – vorticity variables – have been solved by finite difference method with a homemade code C++. Effects of Rayleigh number (Ra = 50-1,000), Lewis number (Le = 10-1,000), buoyancy-ratio parameter (Nr = 0.1-5.0), Brownian motion parameter (Nb = 0.1, 1.0) and thermophoresis parameter (Nt = 0.1, 1.0) on nanofluid flow and heat transfer have been studied. Findings It is found that high values of Rayleigh and Lewis numbers lead to the homogenization of nanoparticles distributions. For high values of Nt and Nb, heating is more essential and the cavity average temperature rises. Originality/value The originality of this work is to analyze natural convection in an open-sided trapezoidal cavity with Brownian diffusion and thermophoresis.
Nanomaterials have attracted attention for application in photocatalytic hydrogen production because of their beneficial properties such as high specific surface area, attractive morphology, and high light absorption. Furthermore, hydrogen is a clean and green source of energy that may help to resolve the existing energy crisis and increasing environmental pollution caused by the consumption of fossil fuels. Among various hydrogen production methods, photocatalytic water splitting is most significant because it utilizes solar light, a freely available energy source throughout the world, activated via semiconductor nanomaterial catalysts. Various types of photocatalysts are developed for this purpose, including carbon-based and transition-metal-based photocatalysts, and each has its advantages and disadvantages. The present review highlights the basic principle of water splitting and various techniques such as the thermochemical process, electrocatalytic process, and direct solar water splitting to enhance hydrogen production. Moreover, modification strategies such as band gap engineering, semiconductor alloys, and multiphoton photocatalysts have been reviewed. Furthermore, the Z- and S-schemes of heterojunction photocatalysts for water splitting were also reviewed. Ultimately, the strategies for developing efficient, practical, highly efficient, and novel visible-light-harvesting photocatalysts will be discussed, in addition to the challenges that are involved. This review can provide researchers with a reference for the current state of affairs, and may motivate them to develop new materials for hydrogen generation.
'%3e%3cpath id='a' fill='%23FF0' d='M0 0v6h4' transform='rotate(18)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='scale(-1 1)'/%3e%3c/g%3e%3cg id='c' transform='rotate(72)'%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23b'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23b' transform='rotate(72)'/%3e%3c/g%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23c' transform='scale(-1 1)'/%3e%3c/svg%3e)
'%3e%3cg id='e'%3e%3cg id='c' fill='none' stroke='%23fff' stroke-width='2'%3e%3cpath id='b' d='M0 1h26M1 10V5h8v4h8V5h-5M4 9h2m20 0h-5V5h8m0-5v9h8V0m-4 0v9' transform='scale(1.4)'/%3e%3cpath id='a' d='M0 7h9m1 0h9' transform='scale(2.8)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' y='120'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23b' y='145.2'/%3e%3c/g%3e%3cg id='d'%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23c' x='56'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23c' x='112'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23c' x='168'/%3e%3c/g%3e%3c/g%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23d' x='168'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23e' x='392'/%3e%3c/g%3e%3cg fill='%23da0000' transform='matrix(45 0 0 45 315 180)'%3e%3cg id='f'%3e%3cpath d='M-.548.836A.912.912 0 0 0 .329-.722 1 1 0 0 1-.548.836'/%3e%3cpath d='M.618.661A.764.764 0 0 0 .422-.74 1 1 0 0 1 .618.661M0 1l-.05-1L0-.787a.31.31 0 0 0 .118.099V-.1l-.04.993zM-.02-.85 0-.831a.144.144 0 0 0 .252-.137A.136.136 0 0 1 0-.925'/%3e%3c/g%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23f' transform='scale(-1 1)'/%3e%3c/g%3e%3c/svg%3e)
