Introduction: Ambroxol (ABX) is known to promote bronchial secretion and is used as an expectorant. This study was undertaken to document the connection between ambroxol parenteral treatment and bladder stones in rats. Material and Methods: Forty‐five wild rats ( Rattus sp.) were divided into three equal groups. Rats from the first and second groups received ABX s.c. during 2 weeks in total doses of 30 mg/kg per 24 h and 60 mg/kg per 24 h, respectively. Rats from the control group received 1 mL of injection solution s.c. One month after the treatment termination, animals were sacrificed and urinary tracts without urethra were dissected. Stones found in the bladders were measured, weighed and chemically analysed. Voiding cystography was performed to exclude pathology of the lower urinary tract. Photo documentation was produced. Results: From the first and second groups, 33% and 47% of rats, respectively, had solitary stones in the bladder. In one case from the second group, there was a huge stone in the bladder and urethra. There were no stones in rats from the control group. The mean length of stones was 1.38 ± 0.23 mm and 1.41 ± 0.60 mm in the first and second groups, respectively. Mean stone weight was 1.2 ± 0.2 × 10 −3 g and 1.44 ± 0.54 × 10 −3 g. Stones were composed of 67% of xanthine and 33% of calcium oxalate. Conclusions: Ambroxol parenteral treatment caused xanthine and oxalate stone formation. Attention should be paid to the possibility of urinary stone formation after long‐term ABX treatment.
The most common cause of urinary bladder rupture is blunt trauma to the lower abdomen. Intraperitoneal bladder rupture always requires surgical exploration. According to the recommendations of the European Association of Urology it is necessary to issue dual-layer walls of the bladder with suprapubic urine drainage or discharge from leaving the catheter in the bladder from the urethra. Since 1994, intervention in bladder rupture was successfully applied with the laparoscopic method. We present the case of a patient with bladder rupture who was successfully treated by laparoscopic access. In case of damage of the bladder in stable patients laparoscopic access seems to be a possible method of choice. Such access allows surgeons to assess the visual organs throughout the abdomen and shortens the recovery time. The size and length of rupture does not affect the course of the procedure and even large, long perforations can be treated using the laparoscopic technique. Laparoscopy is an effective and timely way to treat this type of injury, giving favorable cosmetic effect, shortening the time of hospitalization, and reducing the risk of wound infection after operations.
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