We investigated the sea salt deposition process on the soil in a coastal black pine (Pinusthunbergii Parlatore) forest in Japan with reference to sea salt scavenging by the forest canopy and the following washout by precipitation. We collected throughfall and soil-infiltration water along transects crossing the coastal forest and measured the water chemistry—electric conductivity, pH, major cations (NH4+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+), major anions (Cl−, SO42−, NO2−, NO3−, and PO43−), and total organic carbon—at 10-m intervals on the survey transects. Leaching of base cations from surface soil kept lower acidity of soil water in the evergreen broadleaf forest, whereas soil infiltration water was acidified in the soil surface in the P. thunbergii forest. Hot spots of sea salt deposition on the soil surface were observed at hollows of the ground surface, slope-facing coastal line, or sites with an abrupt increase in height where the canopy faces the coast. However, the edge effect in sea salt scavenging was not evident in the juvenile stand at the forest edge, which had a height of <5 m. The sea salt deposition was only evident in the coastal black pine forest with canopy height >10 m.
Abstract Peatlands store 1/3 of global soil carbon, destabilisation of which contributes much to the recent increase in DOC (dissolved organic carbon) in freshwater ecosystems. One suggested mechanism for the enhanced decomposition of peat and the releases of DOC is recovery from acidification. However, no biological role in the process has yet been identified. Here we report extracellular enzyme activities and microbial composition in peatlands of Korea, the UK, Japan and Indonesia, and find higher pH to promote phenol oxidase activities, greater abundances in Actinobacteria and fungi, and enhanced pore-water DOC concentrations. Our pH manipulation experiments also showed that increase in pH enhanced phenol oxidase activity and DOC production with greater Actinobacterial and fungal abundances. Finally, knockout or addition of phenol oxidase dramatically changed DOC and phenolic production, indicating the central role of phenol oxidase in DOC mobilisation. Our findings provide evidence to support a previously unrecognized biological mechanism through which pH increases activate phenol oxidase, accelerating the release of DOC and phenolics.
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreparation of the J-aggregate of cyanine dyes by means of the Langmuir-Blodgett techniqueHiroshi Hada, Ryotaro Hanawa, Akira Haraguchi, and Yoshiro YonezawaCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1985, 89, 4, 560–562Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100250a002https://doi.org/10.1021/j100250a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views365Altmetric-Citations85LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
This paper examines the morphological and physiological responses of an annual plant on the wide range of soil nutrient availability, including the photosynthetic activity of plants. Populations of Impatiens balsamina L. are raised over a wide range of densities (20-1,250 plants m–2) at four nutrient levels (1.7-37.7 g-Nm–2) in greenhouse, and three consecutive harvests are performed. The photosynthetic rate of an individual leaf and phenotypic properties of every organ of the plants are determined. The coefficient of intra-specific competitive intensity of the total yield-density equation is found to increase with growth and not vary significantly with nutrient availability. Increased supply of nutrients lead to an increase in Specific Leaf Area (SLA), Stem Weight Fraction (SWF) and light-saturated maximal photosynthetic rate (pmax), whereas Leaf Weight Fraction (LWF) decline with nutrient availability. Nutrient availability does not affect Leaf Area Ratio (LAR), Relative Growth Rate (RGR), Unit Leaf Rate (ULR), or the coefficient of variation of total individual weight. Under low nutrient conditions, plants allocate more dry matter to leaves than to stems, in order to maintain the quality of the leaves and the consequent activity of photosynthesis. Under high nutrient conditions, leaves have high SLA and can maintain high pmax because of high nitrogen concentration in them. Such leaves with high SLA construct a crowded canopy, leading to severe shoot competition. Under such conditions, plants allocate more dry matter to stems, resulting in less crowded canopy architecture with growth. Therefore, the intensity of competition under high nutrient conditions becomes similar to that under low nutrient conditions, with growth.
Three strains of Euglena mutabilis were isolated from sediments in acidic inland water systems (pH = 3.4–4.7), in Southwestern Japan—acid mine drainage in Sensui (Fukuoka), cold sulfidic spring in Bougatsuru (Oita), and a temporal pool in the Ebinokogen volcanic area (Miyazaki). All strains grew well in acidic media at pH 3.07. Phylogenetic analysis among these three strains showed high similarities to plastid SSU and nuclear SSU rRNA gene sequences (99.86% and 99.76%, respectively). They were closely related to the cultured isolates from other highly acidic habitats (pH = 2.0–5.9). Concentration of sulfate, aluminum, calcium, and iron had 7–70 fold of differences among the three studied habitats. Our results imply that the rRNA genes of E. mutabilis have compensated for their low genetic diversity by adapting to a wide pH range, as well as various water chemistry of habitats.
The original version of this Article contained an error in the Acknowledgements, which incorrectly omitted from the end the following: 'In particular, we thank the staff of the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (including A. Burden, N. Ostle and C. Evans) in relation to a NERC grant involving CF & TJ (NE/E011748/1; 2007-2010), which established the sites from which the UK samples were subsequently collected.' This has been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
Abstract The relative importance of global versus local environmental factors for growth and thus carbon uptake of the bryophyte genus Sphagnum— the main peat‐former and ecosystem engineer in northern peatlands—remains unclear. We measured length growth and net primary production (NPP) of two abundant Sphagnum species across 99 Holarctic peatlands. We tested the importance of previously proposed abiotic and biotic drivers for peatland carbon uptake (climate, N deposition, water table depth and vascular plant cover) on these two responses. Employing structural equation models (SEMs), we explored both indirect and direct effects of drivers on Sphagnum growth. Variation in growth was large, but similar within and between peatlands. Length growth showed a stronger response to predictors than NPP. Moreover, the smaller and denser Sphagnum fuscum growing on hummocks had weaker responses to climatic variation than the larger and looser Sphagnum magellanicum growing in the wetter conditions. Growth decreased with increasing vascular plant cover within a site. Between sites, precipitation and temperature increased growth for S. magellanicum . The SEMs indicate that indirect effects are important. For example, vascular plant cover increased with a deeper water table, increased nitrogen deposition, precipitation and temperature. These factors also influenced Sphagnum growth indirectly by affecting moss shoot density. Synthesis . Our results imply that in a warmer climate, S. magellanicum will increase length growth as long as precipitation is not reduced, while S. fuscum is more resistant to decreased precipitation, but also less able to take advantage of increased precipitation and temperature. Such species‐specific sensitivity to climate may affect competitive outcomes in a changing environment, and potentially the future carbon sink function of peatlands.
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