Abstract Background Cognitive reserve (CR) has been associated with the development and prognosis of psychosis. Different proxies have been used to estimate CR among individuals. A composite score of these proxies could elucidate the role of CR at illness onset on the variability of clinical and neurocognitive outcomes. Methods Premorbid intelligence quotient (IQ), years of education and premorbid adjustment were explored as proxies of CR in a large sample ( N = 424) of first-episode psychosis (FEP) non-affective patients. Clusters of patients were identified and compared based on premorbid, clinical and neurocognitive variables at baseline. Additionally, the clusters were compared at 3-year ( N = 362) and 10-year ( N = 150) follow-ups. Results The FEP patients were grouped into five CR clusters: C1 (low premorbid IQ, low education and poor premorbid) 14%; C2 (low premorbid IQ, low education and good premorbid adjustment) 29%; C3 (normal premorbid IQ, low education and poor premorbid adjustment) 17%; C4 (normal premorbid IQ, medium education and good premorbid adjustment) 25%; and C5 (normal premorbid IQ, higher education and good premorbid adjustment) 15%. In general, positive and negative symptoms were more severe in the FEP patients with the lowest CR at baseline and follow-up assessments, while those with high CR presented and maintained higher levels of cognitive functioning. Conclusions CR could be considered a key factor at illness onset and a moderator of outcomes in FEP patients. A high CR could function as a protective factor against cognitive impairment and severe symptomatology. Clinical interventions focused on increasing CR and documenting long-term benefits are interesting and desirable.

Neurocognitive

Cognitive reserve

Moderation

10.1017/s0033291721003536

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Citations (9)

Understanding sex differences in long-term outcomes after a first episode of psychosis

Schizophrenia (2020)

Rosa Ayesa‐Arriola Víctor Ortiz‐García de la Foz Esther Setién‐Suero María Luz Ramírez-Bonilla Paula Suárez‐Pinilla

Abstract While sex differences in schizophrenia have long been reported and discussed, long-term sex differences in outcomes among first episode of psychosis (FEP) patients in terms of the efficacy of Early Intervention Services (EIS) has been an under-explored area. A total of 209 FEP patients (95 females and 114 males) were reassessed after a time window ranging from 8 to 16 years after their first contact with an EIS program (PAFIP) that we will call the 10-year PAFIP cohort. Multiple clinical, cognitive, functioning, premorbid, and sociodemographic variables were explored at 1-year, 3-year and 10-year follow-ups. At first contact, females were older at illness onset, had higher premorbid adjustment and IQ, and were more frequently employed, living independently, and accompanied by a partner and/or children. Existence of a schizophrenia diagnosis, and cannabis and alcohol consumption were more probable among men. During the first 3 years, women showed a significantly better response to minimal antipsychotic dosages and higher rates of recovery than men (50% vs. 30.8%). Ten years later, more females continued living independently and had partners, while schizophrenia diagnoses and cannabis consumption continued to be more frequent among men. Females also presented a lower severity of negative symptoms; however, functionality and recovery differences did not show significant differences (46.7% vs. 34.4%). Between the 3- and 10-year follow-up sessions, an increase in dosage of antipsychotics was observed. These results suggest that the better outcomes seen among women during the first 3 years (while they were treated in an EIS) were in the presence of more favourable premorbid and baseline characteristics. After an average period of 10 years, with the only difference being in negative symptoms course, outcomes for women approximated those of men, drawing particular attention to the increase in dosage of antipsychotic medication once FEP patients were discharged from the EIS program towards community-based services. These findings help to pose the question of whether it is advisable to target sexes and lengthen EIS interventions.

10.1038/s41537-020-00120-5

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Effect of antipsychotic drugs on cortical thickness. A randomized controlled one-year follow-up study of haloperidol, risperidone and olanzapine

Schizophrenia Research (2012)

Roberto Roiz‐Santiáñez Diana Tordesillas‐Gutiérrez Víctor Ortiz‐García de la Foz Rosa Ayesa‐Arriola Agustín Gutiérrez

Dopamine antagonist

10.1016/j.schres.2012.07.014

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Long-term mental health impact of COVID-19 on primary care health workers in northern Spain: Results from a two-phase longitudinal study

Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental (2023)

Ana Viejo Casas Marcos Gómez‐Revuelta Urko Merino Garay Francisco Ruiz Guerrero Mario Ruiz Núñez

Depression

Pandemic

Patient Health Questionnaire

Longitudinal Study

10.1016/j.rpsm.2022.12.002

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Citations (4)

Stopping cannabis use benefits outcome in psychosis: findings from 10‐year follow‐up study in the PAFIP‐cohort

Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (2019)

Esther Setién‐Suero Karl David Neergaard Víctor Ortiz‐García de la Foz Paula Suárez‐Pinilla Obdulia Martínez‐García

Objective To examine the long‐term (up to 10 years) patterns related to cannabis use in a sample of patients with first episode of psychosis (FEP) and the effect that consumption might have on clinical, functioning, and neurocognition at long‐term. Methods Cannabis use was described in 209 FEP patients. Patients were divided into three groups according to cannabis use: persistent users, ex‐users, and never‐users. Groups were longitudinally (baseline and 10‐year follow‐up) compared on clinical, functional, and cognitive variables. Results Clinical differences at 10‐year follow‐up were observed between persistent cannabis users and the other two groups (ex‐users and never‐users), showing persistent users more severe symptoms (BPRS: x 2 = 15.583, P ≤ 0.001; SAPS: x 2 = 12.386, P = 0.002) and poorer functionality (DAS: x 2 = 6.067, P = 0.048; GAF: x 2 = 6.635, P = 0.033). Patients who stopped cannabis use prior to the reassessment showed a similar pattern to those who had never consumed. Conclusion The use of cannabis could negatively affect the evolution of the psychotic disorder. Perhaps the negative effects caused by cannabis use could be reversed with the cessation of consumption. It is necessary to make an effort in the intervention toward an early withdrawal from the use of cannabis, since this could play an important role in the prognosis of the disease.

Neurocognitive

Cannabis Dependence

Effects of cannabis

10.1111/acps.13081

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Citations (28)