F. Woeller

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THE CHEMICAL ACTIVITIES OF THE VIKING BIOLOGY EXPERIMENTS AND THE ARGUMENTS FOR THE PRESENCE OF SUPEROXIDES, PEROXIDES, γ-Fe2O3 AND CARBON SUBOXIDE POLYMER IN THE MARTIAN SOIL

Life sciences and space research (1978)

Vance I. Oyama B. J. Berdahl F. Woeller M. E. Lehwalt

The evolution of N2, Ar, O2, and CO2 from Martian soil as a function of humidity in the Gas Exchange Experiment are correlated with the mean level of water vapor in the Martian atmosphere. All but O2 are associated with desorption. The evolution of oxygen is consistent with the presence of alkaline earth and alkali metal superoxides; and their peroxides and the gamma-Fe2O3 in the soil can account for the generation of radioactive gas in the Labeled Release Experiment. The slower evolution of CO2 from both the Gas Exchange Experiment and the Labeled Release Experiment are associated with the direct oxidation of organics by gamma-Fe2O3. The Pyrolytic Release Experiment's second peak may be carbon suboxide as demonstrated by laboratory experiments. A necessary condition is that the polymer exists in the Martian soil. We ascribe the activity of the surface samples to the reaction of Martian particulates with an anhydrous CO2 atmosphere activated by uv and ionizing radiations. The surface particles are ultimately altered by exposure to small but significant amounts of water at the sites. From the working model, we have predicted the peculiar nature of the chemical entities and demonstrated that the model is justified by laboratory data. The final confirmation of this model will entail a return to Mars, but the nature and implications of this chemistry for the Martian surface is predicted to reveal even more about Mars with further simulations in the laboratory.

Atmosphere of Mars

Martian soil

10.1016/b978-0-08-022022-2.50005-8

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Citations (27)

Venus Lower Atmospheric Composition: Analysis by Gas Chromatography

Science (1979)

Vance I. Oyama G. C. Carle F. Woeller James B. Pollack

The first gas chromatographic analysis of the lower atmosphere of Venus is reported. Three atmospheric samples were analyzed. The third of these samples showed carbon dioxide (96.4 percent), molecular nitrogen (3.41 percent), water vapor (0.135 percent), molecular oxygen [69.3 parts per million (ppm)], argon (18.6 ppm), neon (4.31 ppm), and sulfuir dioxide (186 ppm). The amounts of water vapor and sulfur dioxide detected are roughly compatible with the requirements of greenhouse models of the high surface temperature of Venus. The large positive gradient of sulfur dioxide, molecular oxygen, and water vapor from the clould tops to their bottoms, as implied by Earth-based observations and these resuilts, gives added support for the presence of major quantities of aqueous sulfuric acid in the clouds. A comparison of the inventory of inert gases found in the atmospheres of Venus, Earth, and Mars suggests that these components are due to outgassing from the planetary interiors.

Atmosphere of Venus

Outgassing

10.1126/science.203.4382.802

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Citations (94)

Pioneer Venus Sounder Probe Gas Chromatograph

IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (1980)

Vance I. Oyama G. C. Carle F. Woeller S. Rocklin J. Vogrin

The Pioneer Venus Sounder Probe gas chromatograph (GC) instrument's design logic, construction, function, and data processing are discussed.

Atmosphere of Venus

10.1109/tgrs.1980.350287

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Electrometer Amplifier With Overload Protection

NASA Tech Briefs (1986)

F. Woeller Richard M. Alexander

Circuit features low noise, input offset, and high linearity. Input preamplifier includes input-overload protection and nulling circuit to subtract dc offset from output. Prototype dc amplifier designed for use with ion detector has features desirable in general laboratory and field instrumentation.

Preamplifier

Electrometer

Instrumentation amplifier

Linearity

Input offset voltage

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Studies on the formation and transformation of esters. LXXX.

Shu-Chen Chang J. M. Hayes J. Rabinowitz F. Woeller

Isothiocyanates and phenyl isocyanate reaction with hydrazinoethanol and hydrazinoethyl hydrogen sulfate

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Pioneer VenusSounderProbeGas Chromatograph

Vance I. Oyama G. C. Carle F. Woeller S. Rocklin J. Vogrin

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Thin-layer assay of chlorophyll and analogous dry-column separation with effluent fluorometry

Journal of Chromatography A (1974)

F. Woeller M. E. Lehwalt Vance I. Oyama

10.1016/s0021-9673(00)83176-3

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Biological effects of fuel and exhaust components from spacecraft descent engines employing hydrazine

M. E. Lehwalt F. Woeller Vance I. Oyama

The effect of the products of the Viking terminal descent engine fuel upon possible extraterrestrial life at the Martian landing site is examined. The effects of the engine exhaust, the hydrazine fuel, and the breakdown products of the latter on terrestrial microorganisms have been studied. The results indicate that the gaseous exhaust products would probably not be hazardous to microorganisms, but that liquid hydrazine would be lethal.

Hydrazine (antidepressant)

Descent (aeronautics)

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Versatile injection system for gas chromatography

Analytical Chemistry (1971)

G. E. Pollock A. P. Margozzi R. J. Donaldson F. Woeller

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTVersatile injection system for gas chromatographyGlenn E. Pollock, Angelo. Margozzi, Ralph. Donaldson, and Fritz. WoellerCite this: Anal. Chem. 1971, 43, 8, 1141–1142Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1971Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1971https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60303a045https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60303a045research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views19Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

Pollock

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10.1021/ac60303a045

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Miniature metastable ionization detectors for exobiology flight experiments

F. Woeller

The Metastable Ionization Detector (MID) is three orders of magnitude more sensitive than the thermal conductivity detectors used on previous flight instruments. The miniature MID provides scientists with a much smaller and highly sensitive detector for flight gas chromatographs. A miniature MID featuring an unconventional triaxial electrode configuration was developed and used routinely in the laboratory. Although much smaller and lighter than the commercial MID, its performance characteristics parallel those of the traditional design. The detector is compatible with the modulated voltage circuitry, also developed here, and thus can perform over an expanded response range of more than 7 orders magnitude. A micro volume version of a miniature MID, with an internal volume of less than 8 microliter, was recently designed is now being tested. The micro volume MID uses carrier gas flow rates of approx. 2cc/min thus eliminating the need for makeup gas when capillary columns are used.

Thermal conductivity detector

Metastability

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