A fashionable field of enquiry – the relationship between expressed attitudes and actual behaviour in the context of sustainable development – is complex (Staats et al. 2004 Staats, H, Harland, P and Wilke, H. 2004. Effecting durable change: a team approach to improve environmental behaviour in the household. Environ Behav., 36(3): 341–367. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) and difficult to apply in a policy-relevant manner (Aall and Norland 2005 Aall, C and Norland, I. 2005. The use of the ecological footprint in local politics and administration: results and implications from Norway. Local Environ., 10(2): 159–172. [Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]). However, recent research indicates that the use of a household diary can be beneficial in helping to quantify household environmental impact, in educating householders about their impact, and in identifying major 'behavioural turning points', where householders may focus efforts to reduce their environmental impact (Hunter et al. 2006 Hunter, C, Carmichael, K and Pangbourne, K. 2006. Household ecological footprinting using a new diary-based data-gathering approach. Local Environ, 11(3): 307–327. [Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]). In other words, the use of a diary by householders is a potentially powerful tool in encouraging and facilitating desired behavioural change. This paper reports on the initial findings of an innovative study that assessed the use of a household diary approach as a means of framing and collecting household environmental data and, critically, as an educational vehicle for bringing about behavioural change. Based on the initial findings, it is clear that there is some potential to develop practical policy measures that empower householders by allowing them to better grasp their environmental impact and, consequently, recoup positive implications in terms of financial savings (e.g. reducing the amount of food thrown out) and health benefits (e.g. more walking/cycling).
Whale-watching tourism, currently worth $1 billion p.a. worldwide, depends upon the continued presence of whale, dolphin and porpoise species (collectively called cetaceans) within a specific area. Current evidence suggests that the distribution and/or abundance of cetaceans is likely to alter in response to continued changes in sea surface temperature with global climate change (GCC). This paper reviews how such changes may affect the sustainability of whale-watching operators from a resilience perspective. Potential implications include changes to the presence and frequency of cetacean species targeted and changes to lengths of tourism seasons to coincide with shifts in migration patterns. The review presents an interdisciplinary framework for evaluating the resilience of whale watching to changes in species occurrence, whereby resilience is the degree of change in cetacean occurrence experienced before tourist numbers fall below a critical threshold. The framework combines likelihood of observing a cetacean, trip type and tourist type, which when quantified could identify which operators are likely to experience a change in tourist numbers given a specific scenario of changing cetacean occurrence. In doing so, a step is taken towards providing a means by which resilience to GCC effects on cetacean species could potentially be provided.
Environmental justice (EJ) scholarship is increasingly framing justice in terms of capabilities. This paper argues that capabilities are fundamentally about well-being and as such there is a need to more explicitly theorize well-being. We explore how capabilities have come to be influential in EJ and how well-being has been approached so far in EJ specifically and human geography more broadly. We then introduce a body of literature from social psychology which has grappled theoretically with questions about well-being, using the insights we gain from it to reflect on some possible trajectories and challenges for EJ as it engages with well-being.
A train derailment occurred in Graniteville, South Carolina during the early morning of January 6, 2005, and resulted in the release of a large amount of cryogenic pressurized liquid chlorine to the environment in a short time period. A comprehensive evaluation of the transport and fate of the released chlorine was performed, accounting for dilution, diffusion, transport and deposition into the local environment. This involved the characterization of a three-phased chlorine release, a detailed determination of local atmospheric mechanisms acting on the released chlorine, the establishment of atmospheric-hydrological physical exchange mechanisms, and aquatic dilution and mixing. This presentation will provide an overview of the models used in determining the total air-to-water mass transfer estimated to have occurred as a result of the roughly 60 tons of chlorine released into the atmosphere from the train derailment. The assumptions used in the modeling effort will be addressed, along with a comparison with available observational data to validate the model results. Overall, model-estimated chlorine concentrations in the airborne plume compare well with human and animal exposure data collected in the days after the derailment.
During the 1990s air quality re-emerged as an important environmental policy issue in the UK. Particular concern is now being focused on vehicle emissions, which are creating significant health problems for vulnerable populations in urban areas. National air quality standards have now been established and where these are not being met, under section 82 of the Environment Act 1995, local authorities are obliged to designate Air Quality Management Areas and institute appropriate remedial measures. This approach echoes that taken in the USA since the 1970s, where non-compliant areas have been designated as non-attainment areas, and state and local governments have prepared state implementation plans and attainment plans in response. This paper provides an overview of the institutional arrangements for the control of air pollution at the local level in the USA and considers the extent to which these provide possible lessons for the new arrangements in the UK.