Abstract In this study we aim to do an analysis of the profitability and reliability of a system used primarily in Metro Train Networks consisting of a power cable rated for 33KV. The wires for the feed to each substation are laid in loops. As a starting point, two cables of the same voltage are laid with one being operational and another being a hot standby for backup. The moment the primary operational cable fails the backup cable immediately becomes operational. In the situation of a cable failure, it is considered if repairing the damaged cable can be done as opposed to repairing it. The moment both the operational as well as the back-up cables fail, the system is brought to a complete halt. Cable failures are categorized in two groups viz. irreparable failures & repairable failures. Regenerative Point Technique & Semi-Markov Processes are the methodologies used to derive the data that depicts real-failure situations or any other parameters of system effectiveness. This analysis is being done to enable multiple cases to detect and realize essential profit-analysis results for the system in question.
This paper discusses the use of Jason‐2 radar altimeter measurements to estimate the Ganga‐Brahmaputra surface freshwater flux into the Bay of Bengal for the period mid‐2008 to December 2011. A previous estimate was generated for 1993–2008 using TOPEX‐Poseidon, ERS‐2 and ENVISAT, and is now extended using Jason‐2. To take full advantages of the new availability of in situ rating curves, the processing scheme is adapted and the adjustments of the methodology are discussed here. First, using a large sample of in situ river height measurements, we estimate the standard error of Jason‐2–derived water levels over the Ganga and the Brahmaputra to be respectively of 0.28 m and 0.19 m, or less than ∼4% of the annual peak‐to‐peak variations of these two rivers. Using the in situ rating curves between water levels and river discharges, we show that Jason‐2 accurately infers Ganga and Brahmaputra instantaneous discharges for 2008–2011 with mean errors ranging from ∼2180 m 3 /s (6.5%) over the Brahmaputra to ∼1458 m 3 /s (13%) over the Ganga. The combined Ganga‐Brahmaputra monthly discharges meet the requirements of acceptable accuracy (15–20%) with a mean error of ∼16% for 2009–2011 and ∼17% for 1993–2011. The Ganga‐Brahmaputra monthly discharge at the river mouths is then presented, showing a marked interannual variability with a standard deviation of ∼12500 m 3 /s, much larger than the data set uncertainty. Finally, using in situ sea surface salinity observations, we illustrate the possible impact of extreme continental freshwater discharge event on the northern Bay of Bengal as observed in 2008.
Treatment of allylic and benzylic halides with N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl(trimethyl)silane in the presence of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) affords tertiary amides, which arise from the replacement of the halogen by the N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl group.
Approximate analytical solution to a class of Abel type integral equations is obtained here by using the homotopy analysis method. This method appears to be quite powerful and efficient compared to the homotopy perturbation method (HPM) and the Adomian decomposition method (ADM). The validity and applicability of the present method is illustrated through a number of examples thus demonstrating its efficiency and also simplicity in solving these types of integral equations compared to the other existing methods like HPM and ADM.
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