The association between coffee consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes may vary by genetic variants. Our study addresses the question of whether the incidence of type 2 diabetes is related to the consumption of coffee and whether this relationship is modified by polymorphisms related to type 2 diabetes. We performed a pooled analysis of four Korean prospective studies that included 71,527 participants; median follow-up periods ranged between 2 and 13 years. All participants had completed a validated food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) at baseline. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for type 2 diabetes were calculated using logistic regression models. The ORs were combined using a fixed or random effects model depending on the heterogeneity across the studies. Compared with 0 to <0.5 cups/day of coffee consumption, the OR for type 2 diabetes was 0.89 (95% CI: 0.80-0.98, p for trend = 0.01) for ≥3 cups/day of coffee consumption. We did not observe significant interactions by five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to type 2 diabetes (CDKAL1 rs7756992, CDKN2A/B rs10811661, KCNJ11 rs5215, KCNQ1 rs163184, and PEPD rs3786897) in the association between coffee and the risk of type 2 diabetes. We found that coffee consumption was inversely associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes.
Abstract The triglyceride glucose (TyG) index was suggested as a novel reliable surrogate marker for insulin resistance and related cardiovascular-metabolic diseases. We aimed to evaluate the association between the TyG index and environmental exposure to lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and cadmium (Cd). A total of 9645 adults who enrolled in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2005, 2008–2013, and 2016 were included. Fasting plasma glucose and triglyceride levels were used to calculate the TyG index. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We noted an increasing trend in the TyG index with increment of blood Pb and Cd concentrations. Participants in the highest quartile of blood Pb and Cd concentrations had higher TyG index values than those in the lowest quartile, with ORs (95% CIs) of 1.32 (1.07–1.63) and 1.29 (1.04–1.59) for Pb and Cd, respectively. Strong associations between blood Pb and Cd concentrations and the TyG index were found in men. Blood Hg concentrations did not show a significant association with the TyG index. Our study suggests that public health strategies for cardiovascular-metabolic disorder prevention should be directed toward individuals exposed to priority heavy metals.
Weight loss via a mobile application (App) or a paper-based diary (Paper) may confer favorable metabolic and anthropometric changes.A randomized parallel trial was conducted among 57 adults whose body mass indices (BMIs) were 25 kg/m2 or greater. Participants randomly assigned to either the App group (n = 30) or the Paper group (n = 27) were advised to record their foods and supplements through App or Paper during the 12-week intervention period. Relative changes of anthropometries and biomarker levels were compared between the 2 intervention groups. Untargeted metabolic profiling was identified to discriminate metabolic profiles.Out of the 57 participants, 54 participants completed the trial. Changes in body weight and BMI were not significantly different between the 2 groups (P = 0.11). However, body fat and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol levels increased in the App group but decreased in the Paper group, and the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.03 for body fat and 0.02 for LDL-cholesterol). In the metabolomics analysis, decreases in methylglyoxal and (S)-malate in pyruvate metabolism and phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) in linoleic acid metabolism from pre- to post-intervention were observed in the Paper group.In the 12-week randomized parallel trial of weight loss through a App or a Paper, we found no significant difference in change in BMI or weight between the App and Paper groups, but improvement in body fatness and LDL-cholesterol levels only in the Paper group under the circumstances with minimal contact by dietitians or health care providers.Clinical Research Information Service Identifier: KCT0004226.
We aimed to evaluate the association between serum folate concentrations and the prevalence of dyslipidemia.A total of 4,477 adults (2,019 male and 2,458 female) enrolled in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2016-2018 were included. Serum samples were used to assess folate concentrations and total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels. Multivariate logistic regression with sampling weights was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).Elevated TC, TG, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol levels were observed in 506 (11.3%), 646 (14.4%), 434 (9.7%), and 767 (17.1%) participants, respectively. We found non-linear trends between serum folate concentrations and the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia and hyper-LDL cholesterolemia from the restricted cubic smoothing spline. A higher prevalence of hypercholesterolemia was observed among participants in the first tertile of serum folate concentrations (OR,1.38; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.79) than among those in the second tertile. However, a higher prevalence of hyper-LDL cholesterolemia was identified for both the first and third serum folate concentration tertiles (OR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.08 to 2.05 and OR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.20 to 2.20, respectively); furthermore, in these tertiles, the prevalence of hyper-LDL cholesterolemia was more pronounced among obese participants.Non-linear associations may exist between serum folate concentrations and the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia and hyper-LDL cholesterolemia in adults. The findings suggest that more accurate recommendations about folate intake and folic acid fortification and supplementation should be provided.
Most cohort studies have used a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to evaluate coffee consumption as it assesses habitual dietary patterns, whereas some studies use the 24 hour recalls as it elicits in-depth description of foods and the amount eaten. The aim of this study was to compare FFQs and 24 hour recalls to assess the consumption of various types of coffee. We included a total of 25,904 participants from the Health Examinees (HEXA) Study of the Korean Genome and Epidemiologic Study (KoGES), where individuals were aged 40 years or older. Each participant completed both one FFQ and two 24 hour recalls one month apart, which included coffee consumption and the use of sugar and powdered creamers in coffee. We classified coffee consumption whether they drink more than one cup a day or not. We categorized types of coffee as "black coffee", "coffee with sugar", "coffee with powder creamer", "coffee with sugar and powdered creamer" and "combinations of four types of coffee". We compared the types of coffee they consumed through FFQs and 24 hour recalls. Among those who marked "black coffee" on their FFQ, 51.90% reported to drink "black coffee", 2.70% reported "coffee with sugar", 10.81% said "coffee with sugar and powdered creamer" and 20.97% reported they did not drink coffee in 24 hour recalls. 13.63% reported that they drink the rest combinations of four types of coffee in 24 hour recalls. Whereas among those who marked "coffee with sugar" on their FFQ, 33.49% said "coffee with sugar", 12.44% said "black coffee" and 12.91% reported to drink "coffee with sugar and powdered creamer" in 24 hour recalls. Among those who marked "coffee with sugar and powdered creamer" on their FFQ, 53.49% said "coffee with sugar and powdered creamer" in 24 hour recalls. Those who reported drinking "coffee with powder creamer" on their FFQ, however, only 9.18% marked "coffee with powder creamer", 28.5% marked "coffee with sugar and powdered creamer" in 24 hour recalls. Finally, 19.32% marked drinking any four types of coffee on their FFQs, but reported not drinking coffee in 24 hour recalls. We found discrepancies between FFQs and 24 hour recalls in the types of coffee consumed. Such limitations should be considered when using 24 hour recalls data to examine the effect of coffee consumption on disease development. None.
Habitual coffee consumption was inversely associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and hyperglycemia in observational studies, but the causality of the association remains uncertain. This study tested a causal association of genetically predicted coffee consumption with T2D using the Mendelian randomization (MR) method.We used five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as instrumental variables (IVs) associated with habitual coffee consumption in a previous genome-wide association study among Koreans. We analyzed the associations between IVs and T2D, fasting blood glucose (FBG), 2h-postprandial glucose (2h-PG), and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C) levels. The MR results were further evaluated by standard sensitivity tests for possible pleiotropism.MR analysis revealed that increased genetically predicted coffee consumption was associated with a reduced prevalence of T2D; ORs per one-unit increment of log-transformed cup per day of coffee consumption ranged from 0.75 (0.62-0.90) for the weighted mode-based method to 0.79 (0.62-0.99) for Wald ratio estimator. We also used the inverse-variance-weighted method, weighted median-based method, MR-Egger method, and MR-PRESSO method. Similarly, genetically predicted coffee consumption was inversely associated with FBG and 2h-PG levels but not with HbA1c. Sensitivity measures gave similar results without evidence of pleiotropy.A genetic predisposition to habitual coffee consumption was inversely associated with T2D prevalence and lower levels of FBG and 2h-PG profiles. Our study warrants further exploration.
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Research is limited on how PFAS-associated household products use differs by parental socioeconomic status (SES), particularly during the sensitive period of adolescents. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine whether the combination of parental SES and use of Household Products was associated with the serum PFAS levels among adolescents. METHOD: Methods Data were obtained from a cross-sectional study of 781 adolescents who participated in the Korean National Environmental Health Survey during 2018–2020 and for whom serum PFAS exposure and Household products data were available. We measured the most abundant five PFAS including perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorohexane sufonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDeA), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) among adolescents. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between PFAS exposure and household products (frying pans, coating containers, coating pot) as well as parental SES (alone and in combination). RESULTS: Mother's education level was inversely associated with serum PFOS concentration in adolescents, but no association was detected in serum PFOA concentration. Mothers with higher education level and lower use frequency of coating containers had significantly lower serum PFOS concentrations among adolescents than those without lower education level and lower use frequency of coating containers (adjusted β= -2.19, 95% CI= -4.23- -0.15). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that the combination of mother's education level and use of household Products in mothers may play an important role in PFOS exposure among adolescents, and it should be considered that providing education to parents for reduce PFAS exposure.
Habitual coffee consumption and its association with health outcomes may be modified by genetic variation. Adults aged 40 to 69 years who participated in the Korea Association Resource (KARE) study were included in this study. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on coffee consumption in 7868 Korean adults, and examined whether the association between coffee consumption and the risk of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes combined was modified by the genetic variations in 4054 adults. In the GWAS for coffee consumption, a total of five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in 12q24.11-13 (rs2074356, rs11066015, rs12229654, rs11065828, and rs79105258) were selected and used to calculate weighted genetic risk scores. Individuals who had a larger number of minor alleles for these five SNPs had higher genetic risk scores. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) to examine the association. During the 12 years of follow-up, a total of 2468 (60.9%) and 480 (11.8%) participants were diagnosed as prediabetes or type 2 diabetes, respectively. Compared with non-black-coffee consumers, the OR (95% CI) for ≥2 cups/day by black-coffee consumers was 0.61 (0.38–0.95; p for trend = 0.023). Similarly, sugared coffee showed an inverse association. We found a potential interaction by the genetic variations related to black-coffee consumption, suggesting a stronger association among individuals with higher genetic risk scores compared to those with lower scores; the ORs (95% CIs) were 0.36 (0.15–0.88) for individuals with 5 to 10 points and 0.87 (0.46–1.66) for those with 0 points. Our study suggests that habitual coffee consumption was related to genetic polymorphisms and modified the risk of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes combined in a sample of the Korean population. The mechanisms between coffee-related genetic variation and the risk of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes combined warrant further investigation.
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