A Nano-Encapsulated Phase-Change Material (NEPCM) suspension is made of nanoparticles containing a Phase Change Material in their core and dispersed in a fluid. These particles can contribute to thermal energy storage and heat transfer by their latent heat of phase change as moving with the host fluid. Thus, such novel nanoliquids are promising for applications in waste heat recovery and thermal energy storage systems. In the present research, the mixed convection of NEPCM suspensions was addressed in a wavy wall cavity containing a rotating solid cylinder. As the nanoparticles move with the liquid, they undergo a phase change and transfer the latent heat. The phase change of nanoparticles was considered as temperature-dependent heat capacity. The governing equations of mass, momentum, and energy conservation were presented as partial differential equations. Then, the governing equations were converted to a non-dimensional form to generalize the solution, and solved by the finite element method. The influence of control parameters such as volume concentration of nanoparticles, fusion temperature of nanoparticles, Stefan number, wall undulations number, and as well as the cylinder size, angular rotation, and thermal conductivities was addressed on the heat transfer in the enclosure. The wall undulation number induces a remarkable change in the Nusselt number. There are optimum fusion temperatures for nanoparticles, which could maximize the heat transfer rate. The increase of the latent heat of nanoparticles (a decline of Stefan number) boosts the heat transfer advantage of employing the phase change particles.
Steel production is a major consumer of water and energy resources and a major source of air pollution. The use of urban wastewater as a renewable source in the resource supply chain necessitates use of the water-energy-carbon nexus (WECN) concepts. This study utilizes Pareto optimization to identify an optimal set of technological solutions to achieve techno-economic and environmental objectives. In the default scenario, in order to provide water and energy resources of the steel company, the combination of Extended Aeration Activated Sludge, Ultrafiltration, and Reverse Osmosis (EASS-UF-RO) is selected as the optimal option for urban WWT. Also, the optimal method of electricity supply by gas power plant is selected. The supply water price and government facilities rate are critical factors that affect the project’s economics. This study provides insights into how a tripartite nexus can be integrated symbiotically to improve resource production and elevate the annual income.