Raphaël Guex

Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes

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Patrik Vuilleumier

University of Geneva

Judith Domínguez‐Borràs

Universitat de Barcelona

Margitta Seeck

University of Geneva

Agustín Ibáñez

Adolfo Ibáñez University

Laurent Spinelli

University of Geneva

Facundo Manes

Favaloro University

Hugo Urquina

Universidad del Valle

Mariano Sigman

Universidad Torcuato Di Tella

Agustín Petroni

University of Gothenburg

Esteban Hurtado

Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile

Cooperative Institutions

University of Geneva

Favaloro University

Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas

Centro Científico Tecnológico - San Juan

Instituto de Neurología Cognitiva

University Hospital of Geneva

Diego Portales University

Inserm

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives

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The Neural Basis of Decision-Making and Reward Processing in Adults with Euthymic Bipolar Disorder or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

PLoS ONE (2012)

Agustín Ibáñez Marcelo Cetkovich Agustín Petroni Hugo Urquina Sandra Báez

Background Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and bipolar disorder (BD) share DSM-IV criteria in adults and cause problems in decision-making. Nevertheless, no previous report has assessed a decision-making task that includes the examination of the neural correlates of reward and gambling in adults with ADHD and those with BD. Methodology/Principal Findings We used the Iowa gambling task (IGT), a task of rational decision-making under risk (RDMUR) and a rapid-decision gambling task (RDGT) which elicits behavioral measures as well as event-related potentials (ERPs: fERN and P3) in connection to the motivational impact of events. We did not observe between-group differences for decision-making under risk or ambiguity (RDMUR and IGT); however, there were significant differences for the ERP-assessed RDGT. Compared to controls, the ADHD group showed a pattern of impaired learning by feedback (fERN) and insensitivity to reward magnitude (P3). This ERP pattern (fERN and P3) was associated with impulsivity, hyperactivity, executive function and working memory. Compared to controls, the BD group showed fERN- and P3-enhanced responses to reward magnitude regardless of valence. This ERP pattern (fERN and P3) was associated with mood and inhibitory control. Consistent with the ERP findings, an analysis of source location revealed reduced responses of the cingulate cortex to the valence and magnitude of rewards in patients with ADHD and BD. Conclusions/Significance Our data suggest that neurophysiological (ERPs) paradigms such as the RDGT are well suited to assess subclinical decision-making processes in patients with ADHD and BD as well as for linking the cingulate cortex with action monitoring systems.

Iowa gambling task

10.1371/journal.pone.0037306

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Citations (96)

Cortical deficits of emotional face processing in adults with ADHD: Its relation to social cognition and executive function

Social Neuroscience (2011)

Agustín Ibáñez Agustín Petroni Hugo Urquina Fernando Torrente Teresa Torralva

Although it has been shown that adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have impaired social cognition, no previous study has reported the brain correlates of face valence processing. This study looked for behavioral, neuropsychological, and electrophysiological markers of emotion processing for faces (N170) in adult ADHD compared to controls matched by age, gender, educational level, and handedness. We designed an event-related potential (ERP) study based on a dual valence task (DVT), in which faces and words were presented to test the effects of stimulus type (faces, words, or face-word stimuli) and valence (positive versus negative). Individual signatures of cognitive functioning in participants with ADHD and controls were assessed with a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation, including executive functioning (EF) and theory of mind (ToM). Compared to controls, the adult ADHD group showed deficits in N170 emotion modulation for facial stimuli. These N170 impairments were observed in the absence of any deficit in facial structural processing, suggesting a specific ADHD impairment in early facial emotion modulation. The cortical current density mapping of N170 yielded a main neural source of N170 at posterior section of fusiform gyrus (maximum at left hemisphere for words and right hemisphere for faces and simultaneous stimuli). Neural generators of N170 (fusiform gyrus) were reduced in ADHD. In those patients, N170 emotion processing was associated with performance on an emotional inference ToM task, and N170 from simultaneous stimuli was associated with EF, especially working memory. This is the first report to reveal an adult ADHD-specific impairment in the cortical modulation of emotion for faces and an association between N170 cortical measures and ToM and EF.

Fusiform gyrus

10.1080/17470919.2011.620769

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Citations (114)

Does the PFC model of analogy account for decision making, problem solving, reasoning, flexibility, adaptability, and even creativity?

Cognitive Neuroscience (2010)

Joaquín Barutta Raphaël Guex Agustín Ibáñez

Abstract From everyday cognition to scientific discovery, analogical processes play an important role: bringing connection, integration, and interrelation of information. Recently, a PFC model of analogy has been proposed to explain many cognitive processes and integrate general functional properties of PFC. We argue here that analogical processes do not suffice to explain the cognitive processes and functions of PFC. Moreover the model does not satisfactorily integrate specific explanatory mechanisms required for the different processes involved. Its relevance would be improved if fewer cognitive phenomena were considered and more specific predictions and explanations about those processes were stated.

Adaptability

Relevance

Analogical reasoning

Cognitive flexibility

10.1080/17588921003786580

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Citations (2)

Neurofeedback and epilepsy: Renaissance of an old self-regulation method?

Revue Neurologique (2024)

Angela Marchi Raphaël Guex M. Denis Nada El Youssef Francesca Pizzo

Neurophysiology

10.1016/j.neurol.2024.02.386

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Citations (1)

Temporal dynamics of amygdala response to emotion- and action-relevance

Scientific Reports (2020)

Raphaël Guex Constantino Méndez‐Bértolo Stephan Moratti Bryan A. Strange Laurent Spinelli

Abstract It has been proposed that the human amygdala may not only encode the emotional value of sensory events, but more generally mediate the appraisal of their relevance for the individual’s goals, including relevance for action or task-based needs. However, emotional and non-emotional/action-relevance might drive amygdala activity through distinct neural signals, and the relative timing of both kinds of responses remains undetermined. Here, we recorded intracranial event-related potentials from nine amygdalae of patients undergoing epilepsy surgery, while they performed variants of a Go/NoGo task with faces and abstract shapes, where emotion- and action-relevance were orthogonally manipulated. Our results revealed early amygdala responses to emotion facial expressions starting ~ 130 ms after stimulus-onset. Importantly, the amygdala responded to action-relevance not only with face stimuli but also with abstract shapes (squares), and these relevance effects consistently occurred in later time-windows (starting ~ 220 ms) for both faces and squares. A similar dissociation was observed in gamma activity. Furthermore, whereas emotional responses habituated over time, the action-relevance effect increased during the course of the experiment, suggesting progressive learning based on the task needs. Our results support the hypothesis that the human amygdala mediates a broader relevance appraisal function, with the processing of emotion-relevance preceding temporally that of action-relevance.

Relevance

Stimulus (psychology)

10.1038/s41598-020-67862-1

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Citations (37)

Behavioral correlates of temporal attention biases during emotional prosody perception

Scientific Reports (2022)

Raphaël Guex Didier Grandjean Sascha Frühholz

Emotional prosody perception (EPP) unfolds in time given the intrinsic temporal nature of auditory stimuli, and has been shown to be modulated by spatial attention. Yet, the influence of temporal attention (TA) on EPP remains largely unexplored. TA studies manipulate subject's motor preparedness according to an upcoming event, with targets to discriminate during short attended trials arriving quickly, and, targets to discriminate during long unattended trials arriving at a later time point. We used here a classic paradigm manipulating TA to investigate its influence on behavioral responses to EPP (n = 100) and we found that TA bias was associated with slower reaction times (RT) for angry but not neutral prosodies and only during short trials. Importantly, TA biases were observed for accuracy measures only for angry voices and especially during short trials, suggesting that neutral stimuli are less subject to TA biases. Importantly, emotional facilitation, with faster RTs for angry voices in comparison to neutral voices, was observed when the stimuli were temporally attended and during short trials, suggesting an influential role of TA during EPP. Together, these results demonstrate for the first time the major influence of TA in RTs and behavioral performance while discriminating emotional prosody.

Facilitation

Emotional prosody

Emotion Perception

Attentional Bias

Time perception

10.1038/s41598-022-20806-3

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Citations (2)

Performance Errors of in Group/ Out Group Stimuli and Valence Association in the Implicit Association Test: Brain Bias of Ingroup Favoritism

The Open Neuroscience Journal (2011)

Raphaël Guex

The goal of this study is to assess the role of membership and valence effects on errors performed in a racial implicit association test indexed by event-related potentials (ERPs).Non-indigenous participants performed an implicit association test (IAT) paradigm emphasizing the feedback of error due to misclassification of ingroup (non-indigenous) and outgroup (indigenous) faces as well as positive and negative words.As expected, participants responded to the compatible task with higher accuracy than to incompatible tasks.This is the first report demonstrating that IAT errors produce electrophysiological ERP modulation.Our results suggest that medial frontal negativity is modulated not only by IAT error of membership and valence classifications but also by IAT compatible and incompatible tasks.These results provide a basis for the future use of the misclassification error in the IAT recorded simultaneously with ERPs in other classic social psychology contexts.

Implicit-association test

Ingroups and outgroups

Association (psychology)

Outgroup

Negativity effect

10.2174/1874082001105010016

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Citations (4)

Prestimulus amygdala spectral activity is associated with visual face awareness

Cerebral Cortex (2022)

Raphaël Guex Tomas Ros Pierre Mégevand Laurent Spinelli Margitta Seeck

Alpha cortical oscillations have been proposed to suppress sensory processing in the visual, auditory, and tactile domains, influencing conscious stimulus perception. However, it is unknown whether oscillatory neural activity in the amygdala, a subcortical structure involved in salience detection, has a similar impact on stimulus awareness. Recording intracranial electroencephalography (EEG) from 9 human amygdalae during face detection in a continuous flash suppression task, we found increased spectral prestimulus power and phase coherence, with most consistent effects in the alpha band, when faces were undetected relative to detected, similarly as previously observed in cortex with this task using scalp-EEG. Moreover, selective decreases in the alpha and gamma bands preceded face detection, with individual prestimulus alpha power correlating negatively with detection rate in patients. These findings reveal for the first time that prestimulus subcortical oscillations localized in human amygdala may contribute to perceptual gating mechanisms governing subsequent face detection and offer promising insights on the role of this structure in visual awareness.

Stimulus (psychology)

P200

Backward masking

10.1093/cercor/bhac119

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Citations (4)

Impaired emotional biases in visual attention after bilateral amygdala lesion

Neuropsychologia (2019)

Judith Domínguez‐Borràs Maëva Moyne Arnaud Saj̈Raphaël Guex Patrik Vuilleumier

Facilitation

Visual Search

Emotional expression

10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107292

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Citations (19)

Influence of Temporal Expectations on Response Priming by Subliminal Faces

PLoS ONE (2016)

Swann Pichon Raphaël Guex Patrik Vuilleumier

Unconscious processes are often assumed immune from attention influence. Recent behavioral studies suggest however that the processing of subliminal information can be influenced by temporal attention. To examine the neural mechanisms underlying these effects, we used a stringent masking paradigm together with fMRI to investigate how temporal attention modulates the processing of unseen (masked) faces. Participants performed a gender decision task on a visible neutral target face, preceded by a masked prime face that could vary in gender (same or different than target) and emotion expression (neutral or fearful). We manipulated temporal attention by instructing participants to expect targets to appear either early or late during the stimulus sequence. Orienting temporal attention to subliminal primes influenced response priming by masked faces, even when gender was incongruent. In addition, gender-congruent primes facilitated responses regardless of attention while gender-incongruent primes reduced accuracy when attended. Emotion produced no differential effects. At the neural level, incongruent and temporally unexpected primes increased brain response in regions of the fronto-parietal attention network, reflecting greater recruitment of executive control and reorienting processes. Congruent and expected primes produced higher activations in fusiform cortex, presumably reflecting facilitation of perceptual processing. These results indicate that temporal attention can influence subliminal processing of face features, and thus facilitate information integration according to task-relevance regardless of conscious awareness. They also suggest that task-congruent information between prime and target may facilitate response priming even when temporal attention is not selectively oriented to the prime onset time.

Subliminal stimuli

Stimulus (psychology)

Response priming

Priming (agriculture)

Facilitation

Backward masking

Stimulus onset asynchrony

Temporal cortex

Fusiform face area

10.1371/journal.pone.0164613

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Citations (9)