Cereal Chem. 69(3):233-236 Oat starch was isolated from oat flour by 1) high shear in water after hydroxide (pH 11.0) led to 72-75% isolated starch with 0.3% protein. a presoak, 2) low shear after digestion with protease, and 3) low shear Digestion of oat flour (25% solids) with Aspergillus oryzae protease at at alkaline pH. Oat flour was soaked in water (25% solids) at 20 0 C for pH 7.5 and 37 0 C for 6 hr gave 78% starch with 1.1% protein. Oat starch 6 hr and subjected to high shear using a tissue homogenizer. After 1 isolated with sodium hydroxide showed a delayed pasting temperature min of shearing followed by centrifugation, the yield of starch (1.3% and increased paste consistency in the amylograph compared to starch protein) was 70%, based on oat flour. Two bases were used to isolate isolated by high shear or calcium hydroxide. The same phenomena was oat starch at different concentrations and stirring times. Stirring for 60 observed in wheat starch isolated with 0.01 M sodium hydroxide but not min at pH 10.5 with 0.01 M sodium hydroxide (pH 10.5) or 0.03M calcium in corn or rice starch. Dry milling of oat groats yields approximately 35% oat bran and 65% oat flour. When the demand for oat bran is high, a surplus of oat flour results. Separating oat flour into starch and protein is complicated by strong binding between the two components and by the presence of f3-glucan. Oat starch has been isolated with sodium carbonate (Paton 1977) or sodium hydroxide (Wu et al 1973) at low shear and with water at high shear (Meuser et al 1985). No reports have appeared on the use of protease or cellulase to release oat starch, nor has a comparison been made of the use of sodium and calcium hydroxides. The objectives of this investigation were to compare 1) the yield and purity of oat starch isolated from oat flour using low shear with alkali, protease, and/or cellulase treatment and high shear with water and 2) the pasting properties of oat, wheat, corn, and rice starches isolated with sodium and calcium hydroxides. MATERIALS AND METHODS General Oat flour was obtained from the ConAgra Flour Milling Co., Omaha, NE. The flour contained 10.3% moisture, 6.8% protein, 80.0% starch, 3.1% lipid, 0.6% ash, and 0.5% /8-glucan. Hard red winter wheat, dent corn, and long-grain rice were commercial samples. Moisture, protein, ash, lipid, and starch were determined by AACC methods (1983) 44-18, 46-13, 08-01, 30-26, and 76-11, respectively. The 18-glucan content was determined using a ,B-glucan test kit (Biocon, Inc., Rockville, MD). Starch lipids were determined gravimetrically after extraction with propanol/ water (3:1, v/v) at 1000 C (Morrison and Coventry 1985). All chemicals were reagent grade. Protease (from Aspergillus oryzae, Bacillus subtilis, Streptomyces griseus, and Rhizopus sp.) and cellulase (from Penicillium funiculosum) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO). Cellulase from Trichoderma reesei (Celluclast) was from Novo (Danbury, CT). One unit of protease activity was defined as the amount of enzyme that liberated 1.0 ,umol of tyrosine per minute from casein at pH 7.5 and 370C. One unit of cellulase activity was defined as the amount of enzyme that released 1.0 ,umol of glucose from cellulose in 1 hr at pH 5.0 and 400 C.
Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of meliodosis, and the cases in China are gradually increasing. The present retrospective study aimed to surveil the molecular epidemiological characteristics and antibiotic resistance of B pseudomallei isolates. B pseudomallei strains were isolated and verified from meliodosis patients with relevant epidemiological information from 2004 to 2016 in Hainan, China. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis based on Spe I digestion was carried out, and antimicrobial resistance of B pseudomallei strains was observed against 9 frequently-used antimicrobials. A total of 164 B pseudomallei isolates were successfully divided into 60 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns, including 33 clusters and 27 single types, at an 85% similarity level. The isolates also exhibited a high level of ceftazidime resistance rate (12.8%, 21/164). B pseudomallei strains were mainly heterogenous with no predominant type, but there were some clonal populations, dominate clusters prevalent and the resistance rates of cephems antimicrobial increased significantly between 2004 and 2016 along with the number of melioidosis cases collected in Hainan (cefoperazone-sulbactam [SCF], rs = 0.96, P = .04; ceftazidime [CAZ], rs = 0.98, P = .01). In conclusion, this study will help to enhance our understanding of molecular characteristics and antibiotic resistance of B pseudomallei.
Over 4,000 wheat flour samples were tested according to FDA/BAM methods for Salmonella and Escherichia coli in addition to yeast and mold, aerobic plate count (APC), and coliform most probable number (MPN) counts. The data were analyzed statistically based on flour type-hard red winter (HRW), soft red winter (SRW), spring (SPG), or durum (DUR)-and season of milling production. SRW had the highest mold count (log10 3.06 cfu/g) and DUR the lowest (log10 2.85 cfu/g). SPG had the highest yeast count (log10 2.27 cfu/g) and SRW the lowest (log10 2.07 cfu/g). Highest APCs were found in DUR (log10 4.24 cfu/g), whereas the lowest were in SRW (log10 3.83 cfu/g). Of the samples tested, 12.8% were E. coli positive and 1.3% were Salmonella positive with the highest frequency of each pathogen occurring in the fall and winter months, respectively. The lowest E. coli frequency occurred during spring, whereas Salmonella had the lowest incidence in summer. The highest percentage of E. coli positives was observed in DUR (17%), and the lowest was observed in HRW samples (6.7%). The highest percentage of Salmonella positives existed in SRW (2.3%) and the lowest in DUR flour samples (0.3%). From the data, 95% confidence limits of 5,700 cfu/g for mold, 110,000 cfu/g for APC, and 150 MPN/g for coliforms were determined for all wheat flours
Melioidosis, a severe tropical illness caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, poses significant treatment challenges due to limited therapeutic options and the absence of effective vaccines. The pathogen’s intrinsic resistance to numerous antibiotics and propensity to induce sepsis during acute infections further complicate management strategies. Thus, exploring alternative methods for prevention and treatment is crucial. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have emerged as a promising strategy for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. This study focused on generating three mAbs (13F1, 14G11, and 15D9) targeting hemolysin-coregulated protein 1 (Hcp1), a protein involved in the type VI secretion system cluster 1 (T6SS1) of B. pseudomallei. Notably, pretreatment with 13F1 mAb significantly reduced the intracellular survival of B. pseudomallei and inhibited the formation of macrophage-derived multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs). This protective effect was also observed in vivo. We identified a sequence of amino acids (Asp95-Leu114) within Hcp1 as the likely binding site for 13F1 mAb. In summary, our findings reveal that 13F1 mAb counteracts infection by targeting Hcp1, offering potential new targets and insights for melioidosis prevention.
Oat hull fiber, until recent years not available as a refined product for use in food formulation, is shown to be safe when fed to rats for 13 weeks as up to 15% of a diet already containing 5% purified wood-derived cellulose as a fiber source
Investigation on the pesticide residues in vegetable (brinjal, cucumber, okra, ridge gourd and tomato) and water samples collected from Kothapally Adarsha watershed in Rangareddy district, Andhra Pradesh, India during 2007 revealed the presence of monocrotophos (range 0.001-0.044 mg kg''), chlorpyrifos (0.001 to 5.154 mg kg''), cypermethrin (0.001 to 0.352 mg kg'') and endosulfan (0.001 to 0.784 mg kg'1). The residues of monocrotophos and endosulfan were below maximum residue limit (MRL) in all the 59 vegetable samples, while the residues of chlorpyrifos were above MRL in 4 samples and cypermethrin in 2 samples. The water samples also revealed the presence of pesticide residues, but were below MRLs.
Among 11 epiphytic microorganisms one species each of Pseudomonas, Erwinia, and Aspergillus were antagonistic to Xanthomonas translucens subsp. oryzicola. Symptoms of bacterial leaf streak did not develop when the antagonists were sprayed on rice leaves 24 h before inoculation. Although the symptoms developed when the antagonists were applied 24 h after inoculation, the number of lesions and their length was significantly reduced over control. When the mixture of each antagonist and the pathogen was applied, no symptoms developed with Pseudomonas and Aspergillus sp. However, the symptoms could develop with Erwinia sp. although the number and length of the lesions was reduced over control.
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