K. Bruvold

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

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D. D. Morabito

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Peter Ilott

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Upamanyu Madhow

University of California, Santa Barbara

Richard P. Kornfeld

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Roy E. Gladden

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

S. W. Asmar

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Karl T. Edquist

Langley Research Center

C. D. Edwards

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Kamal Oudrhiri

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Brian C. Schratz

Pennsylvania State University

Cooperative Institutions

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

California Institute of Technology

Planetary Science Institute

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Lockheed Martin (United States)

Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory

European Space Operations Centre

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

Arizona State University

Goddard Space Flight Center

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The Psyche Gravity Investigation

Space Science Reviews (2022)

M. T. Zuber Ryan S. Park L. T. Elkins‐Tanton J. F. Bell K. Bruvold

Abstract The objective of the NASA Psyche mission gravity science investigation is to map the mass distribution within asteroid (16) Psyche to elucidate interior structure and to resolve the question of whether this metal-rich asteroid represents a remnant metal core or whether it is a primordial body that never melted. Measurements of gravity will be obtained via the X-band telecommunication system on the Psyche spacecraft, collected from progressively lower mapping altitudes. Orbital gravity will allow an estimate of $GM$ GM to better than 0.001 km 3 s −2 . A spherical harmonic model of gravity to degree and order 10 will be achievable and, in concert with spherical harmonic data sets from topography and magnetometry, as well as surface composition data, will provide information regarding the spatial and radial distribution of mass that will be used to constrain the origin and evolution of (16) Psyche.

Psyche

Surface gravity

Planetary science

10.1007/s11214-022-00905-3

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Citations (11)

Telecommunications relay support of the Mars Phoenix Lander mission

IEEE Aerospace Conference (2010)

C. D. Edwards K. Bruvold James K. Erickson Roy E. Gladden Joseph Guinn

The Phoenix Lander, first of NASA's Mars Scout missions, arrived at the Red Planet on May 25, 2008. From the moment the lander separated from its interplanetary cruise stage shortly before entry, the spacecraft could no longer communicate directly with Earth, and was instead entirely dependent on UHF relay communications via an international network of orbiting Mars spacecraft, including NASA's 2001 Mars Odyssey (ODY) and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) spacecraft, as well as ESA's Mars Express (MEX) spacecraft. All three orbiters captured critical event telemetry and/or tracking data during Phoenix entry, descent and landing. During the Phoenix surface mission, ODY and MRO provided command and telemetry services, far surpassing the original data return requirements. The availability of MEX as a backup relay asset enhanced the robustness of the overall relay plan. In addition to telecommunications services, Doppler tracking observables acquired on the UHF link yielded a highly accurate position for the Phoenix landing site.

Orbiter

Phoenix

Mars landing

10.1109/aero.2010.5446953

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Citations (21)

Adaptation of the Electra radio to support multiple receive channels

E. Satorius Biren Shah K. Bruvold D. J. Bell

Proposed future Mars missions plan communication between multiple assets (rovers). This paper presents the results of a study carried out to assess the potential adaptation of a proximity link relay radio (i.e., the Electra radio) to a multi-channel transceiver. The basic concept is a Frequency Division multiplexing (FDM) communications scheme wherein different receiver architectures are examined. Options considered include: (1) multiple IF slices, A/D and FPGAs each programmed with an Electra baseband modem; (2) common IF but multiple A/Ds and FPGAs and (3) common IF, single A/D and single or multiple FPGAs programmed to accommodate the FDM signals. These options represent the usual tradeoff between analog and digital complexity. Given the space application, a common IF is preferable; however, multiple users present dynamic range challenges (e.g., near-far constraints) that would favor multiple IF slices (Option 1). Vice versa, with a common IF and multiple A/Ds (Option 2), individual AGC control of the A/Ds would be an important consideration. Option 3 would require a common AGC control strategy and would entail multiple digital down conversion paths within the FPGA. In this paper, both FDM parameters as well as the different Electra design options will be examined. In particular, signal channel spacing as a function of user data rates and transmit powers will be evaluated. In addition, tradeoffs between the different Electra design options will be presented with the ultimate goal of defining an augmented Electra radio architecture for potential future missions.

Transceiver

Frequency-division multiplexing

10.1109/aero.2011.5747341

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Citations (3)

A QoS framework for stabilized collision channels with multiuser detection

K. Bruvold Raghuraman Mudumbai Upamanyu Madhow

Recent work has shown that cross-layer optimization of the physical layer and medium access control for a wireless collision channel, based on a receiver with adaptive multiuser detection capability, is capable of providing significantly better performance than classical Aloha. The basic features of such a system are multipacket reception (MPR) capability, and the ability (with high probability) to estimate the number of contending users even when the packets are not successfully received. We provide an analytical model that includes these features, and use it to derive methods for backlog estimation and stabilization. Two classes of users are considered: high priority users with quality of service (QoS) requirements, who must succeed within a deadline with a specified probability; and low priority users whose throughput we wish to maximize, while maintaining the QoS for high priority users, and keeping the overall system stable. We obtain contention policies that ensure QoS and stability, based on backlog estimates obtained by extending Rivest's pseudo-Bayesian technique for classical Aloha. The channel throughput and the achievable QoS is characterized as a function of the arrival rates for high and low priority users. Finally, we apply these methods to simulations of a system employing differential minimum mean squared error (DMMSE) adaptive multiuser detection, and find that the analytical model provides accurate guidelines for design and performance predictions.

Aloha

10.1109/icc.2005.1494356

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Citations (4)

Differential MMSE: A Framework for Robust Adaptive Interference Suppression for DS-CDMA Over Fading Channels

IEEE Transactions on Communications (2005)

Upamanyu Madhow K. Bruvold L.J. Zhu

The linear minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) criterion is known to provide adaptive algorithms for interference suppression in direct-sequence (DS) code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems. However, standard MMSE adaptation is not robust to fast fading, being unable to compensate for rapid channel variations. In this paper, we provide a framework for deriving robust adaptive algorithms in this setting based on a new differential MMSE (DMMSE) criterion, which is a constrained optimization problem in which the quantity to be tracked is the ratio of the data appearing in two successive observation intervals. When applied to a DS-CDMA system with short spreading waveforms (i.e., with period equal to the symbol interval) operating over a flat-fading channel, the DMMSE criterion avoids tracking the fades, exploiting the negligible variation of the fading gain over two consecutive symbols. For frequency-selective fading, the DMMSE criterion is extended to provide a new eigenrake receiver which provides interference suppression and diversity combining without requiring explicit information regarding the desired user's propagation channel.

Channel state information

Diversity scheme

10.1109/tcomm.2005.852851

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Citations (20)

InSight Communications Degradation During Peak Heating Phase of Atmospheric Entry

Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (2021)

D. D. Morabito M. Michael Kobayashi Sanford Krasner K. Bruvold Clayton Okino

This paper discusses the analysis of the UHF (401 MHz) plasma-induced communications blackout (and brownout) experienced by the Mars InSight spacecraft during its entry, descent, and landing (EDL) phase into the Martian atmosphere on 26 November 2018. The UHF relay links from InSight to the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and to the Mars Cube One A and Mars Cube One B CubeSats suffered a period of about 52 s of degradation, consisting of a combination of brownout (signal fades) and blackout (complete loss of signal). The observed signal fades and outages on these proximity links spanned the interval from about 48 to 100 s after entry started at the atmospheric interface. In addition, the degradation of the weaker signal received at the Green Bank, West Virginia 100 m radio telescope is also discussed, which occurred from about 40 to 120 s after atmospheric entry. The observations were in agreement with existing models of signal degradation given the entry trajectory of the vehicle. This paper discusses model estimates and measurements of signal degradation during the peak heating phase of the InSight EDL, as well as the results of high-fidelity analysis performed using computational fluid dynamics tools.

Blackout

Orbiter

Atmospheric entry

SIGNAL (programming language)

Degradation

Atmosphere of Mars

10.2514/1.a34886

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Citations (3)

The Mars Phoenix Communications Brownout during Entry into the Martian Atmosphere

IPNPR (2009)

D. D. Morabito Richard P. Kornfeld K. Bruvold L. Craig Karl T. Edquist

Phoenix

Atmosphere of Mars

Mars landing

Atmospheric entry

Source

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Citations (2)

Relay communications support to the ExoMars Schiaparelli lander

IEEE Aerospace Conference (2017)

C. D. Edwards S. W. Asmar K. Bruvold Neil F. Chamberlain Stephan Esterhuizen

The European Space Agency's ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) arrived at Mars on October 19, 2016, three days after releasing the Schiaparelli Lander on a ballistic trajectory to Meridiani Planum. During the separation event, and subsequently during Schiaparelli's Entry, Descent, and Landing (EDL), the NASA-provided Electra Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) payload onboard TGO was used to record signals from the Schiaparelli Lander for post-processing on the ground to recover both tracking of the lander's carrier signal and reconstruction of the lander's 8 kb/s telemetry. In addition, ESA's Mars Express orbiter recorded the Schiaparelli signal, with ground post-processing providing independent tracking of the lander carrier signal, and the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope near Pune, India was configured to provide real-time detection of the lander carrier signal. While an anomaly in the latter stages of EDL led to loss of the lander, these critical event data sets, and in particular the telemetry reconstruction enabled by the TGO Electra recording, proved essential in enabling detailed diagnosis of the anomaly. While the loss of the lander during EDL precluded the planned surface relay operations, the preparations for that activity provide important lessons learned for future Mars relay support scenarios.

Orbiter

Payload (computing)

Mars landing

SIGNAL (programming language)

10.1109/aero.2017.7943620

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Citations (5)

MAVEN relay operations concept

IEEE Aerospace Conference (2012)

Neil F. Chamberlain Roy E. Gladden K. Bruvold

The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission will launch in late 2013 and, following a 10 month cruise to Mars, will study the upper atmosphere of the planet. In addition to the science instruments, the MAVEN spacecraft is equipped with an Electra UHF transceiver to support relay communication with landed assets. This paper describes how UHF relay service is provisioned by MAVEN. The discussion includes a description of the Electra payload, the process by which relay activities are coordinated and accounted for, the process of a typical relay session, including uplink and downlink, as well as special commands to calibrate and verify relay performance. The operational processes for providing these services are inherited largely from prior Mars missions and take advantage of existing infrastructure and lessons learned from those missions. Preliminary data volume return capabilities using adaptive data rates and low-density parity check channel coding are presented.

Payload (computing)

Orbiter

Provisioning

Atmosphere of Mars

10.1109/aero.2012.6187114

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Citations (10)

Cross-layer optimization of the reservation channel in a pseudocellular network: mobile-centric fast handoffs via multiuser detection

K. Bruvold Upamanyu Madhow

In this paper, we have shown in recent work that joint optimization of the physical (PHY) and medium access control (MAC) layers enables rapid, contention-based reservations in pseudocellular wireless networks. The use of a suitable adaptive multiuser detection scheme at the access point enables multiple reservations in a reservation slot, while eliminating the need for coordination between the mobiles and the access point. In this paper, we build upon this PHY/MAC scheme to provide methods for supporting different priority classes, allowing faster reservations for real-time and high-mobility applications. The feasible operating regions are determined in terms of system parameters such as the processing gain of the direct sequence signaling employed, the arrival rates for various priority classes, the number of reservation slots per frame, and the reservation deadlines for the priority classes.

PHY

Channel allocation schemes

10.1109/acssc.2003.1292281

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Citations (1)