Environmental pollutants are considered harmful not only to humans but to flora and fauna.Fluoride present in the soil, water or even in the atmosphere may adversely affect plants and ultimately cause serious negative consequences on the development, growth and maturity of crops.In this regard, this study was conducted to examine the possible health effect of fluoride pollution in the form of sodium fluoride on the growth and physiological parameters of cotton plant.The cotton plants were grown in the pots.Six different concentrations of fluoride (3mg/L to 15mg/L) along with water as control were used periodically.At both harvests, maximum growth and physiological functions were recorded at 0mg/L treatment while, reduction was recorded at 15mg/L.
In the Botanical Garden and Research Laboratory of the Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan (Pakistan) the current work was performed to examine the effect of the foliar spray of potassium for lessening the toxicity of heavy metal in three varieties of Canola (Brassica napus L.) viz; Exceed, Cyclone and Legend. Seeds were grown in pots. They were arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). When seeds germinated, some were kept without treatment (control) and others were treated with 15mg/kg and 30mg/kg of Lead along with a Potassium spray. Plants were harvested and subjected to phytochemical studies. The role of phytochemical studies (alkaloid, flavonoid, and phenolic) showed an increase in response against heavy metal stress. While the plants treated with Potassium revealed a decreased response in phytochemical studies. Plants treated with both Pb metal and K expressed a lesser increase in phytochemical compared to plants only treated with metal. This study sheds light on the effectiveness of Potassium in improving growth and dealing with metal stress to decrease the harmful effect of heavy metals. However, further studies are required to identify the mechanisms of Potassium mediated alleviation of toxicity of Pb and other heavy metals. Keywords: Alkaloid; Canola; Lead; Potassium; Phytochemicals
Background: Growth and nutritional status of plant are affected adversely by heavy metals while improved by plant growth regulators. The experiment was aimed to explore the ameliorative potential of indole acetic acid (IAA) for toxicity of Pb. Methods: Two varieties i.e., M-8 and MN-92 of mung bean were grown in pots arranged under complete randomization. Fifteen days after germination, Pb was added @ 10 and 20 mg/kg soil as solutions of PbNO3. Indole acetic acid @100.0 mM was sprayed twice at 15 and 30 days of age. Stem length, root length, leaf area and nutrient ions were recorded at physiological maturity. Three replicates from each treatment were evaluated. Result: The alleviation role of IAA for stem length was recorded as 21.46 and 26.14% for low and high lead stress. The root length was compensated to 34.78 and 31.40% for the respective low and high lead toxicity. Leaf area was affected as 18.11 and 17.32% by IAA. Similarly, Nitrogen contents were nullified to the extents of 15.34 and 8.13%. Phosphorus contents were changed as 11.62 and 4.65% while potassium contents were as 10.14 and 19.36%. The rectifying potential of IAA for leaf biomasses were as 7.64 and 7.43%.
Background: Nickel can act as micronutrient essential for nitrogen fixation in legume crops or it can cause toxicity when present in high concentration. Rhizospheric supplement of Nickel be at a dose not beyond its beneficial level. Methods: An experiment was conducted for mash bean genotypes to evaluate the toxic level of Nickel concentrations. Seeds of four genotypes were sown in earthen pots filled with homogenized loamy soil. Nickel was added as its chloride salt solutions at the age of twenty days @ 15.0, 30.0, 45.0, 60.0, 75.0 and 90.0 mg kg-1 soil. Yield plant-1 and its contributing factors were recorded at physiological maturity of crop. Result: At low concentration, Nickel appeared to be non toxic and high doses reduced yield attributes. The lowest significantly effective dose which affected the parameters was 45 mg kg-1 except for number of legumes plant-1 for which same was true at 60 mg kg-1. While, the most effective dose was 45 mg kg-1 for each attributes. The observations were excluded from the ongoing trend when 15 mg kg-1 Nickel reflected positive role. Of the genotypes, MASH 80 was the least productive while MASH 88 was the most productive. In terms of grain numbers, MASH 97 was the least sensitive.
The experimental studies were performed for finding antagonistic role of PGRs viz., Kinetin a Polyamine (Spermidine) for soil supplied Chromium toxicity on mash genotypes with age. Four varieties i.e., 80, 88, 97 and ES-1 were sown. Earthen pots were used and placed in complete randomization arrangement. Chromium (Cr) doses were applied @ 30mg/kg and 60mg per kg soil. This was done by adding CrCl3 salt in solutions form after 30 days of sowing. Spermidine and Kinetin were sprayed as 1.0 mM and 100.0 mM solutions respectively after 30 and 40 days of sowing. Growth analysis studies were carried when plants were of 30 and 46 days age. Chromium (Cr) at low level of concentrations in soil lowered the relative increase in plant height more effectively during growth interval 2 while, at higher toxicity levels, metal affected the shoot growth in the growth interval 1. Kinetin spray decreased the relative increase in plant height during growth interval 1while, Spermidine affected so during growth interval 1, increased the parameter. Chromium, at both levels of its concentration in soil, decreased the root growth rate more effectively during growth interval 2. Kinetin reduced relative increase in root length during growth interval 1 and increased it in the next growth interval. However, Spermidine effects started in the growth interval 1 and reached its maximum during growth interval 2. Chromium at lower concentration (30mg/kg soil) decreased the relative increase in leaf area during both intervals of growth. Exogenous Kinetin positively affected relative increase in leaf area and its effect being more pronounced in Ist interval of growth. Spermidine affected this attribute in the same manner but to lesser extent. Metal toxicity became effective during growth interval 2. Kinetin and Spermidine application to plants increased the net assimilation rate during both intervals comparatively more in growth interval
The present study was conducted to explore the nutrient ions status, their uptake ratio and floristic indices of some medicinal plants of Cholistan desert of Pakistan from Drawar fort area. Vegetations on sand dunes of approximately equal size were evaluated with three replications. In soil of zone 1 (top of dune), maximum frequency (100) of Caligonum polygonoides and minimum (33.34) of Salsola imbricata and Capparis decidua were recorded. In soil of zone 2, maximum frequency (100) of Caligonum polygonoides while minimum (33.33) of Calotropis procera while in zone 3, 100% frequency of lonely species Symbopogon jawarancusa was observed. In soil of zone 1, maximum concentrations were of sodium (Na), bicarbonate (HCO3), nitrogen ((N) and organic matter (OM) while in soil of zone 2, EC, pH, phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) were maximum. Leaf K and Na were the highest (27.10mg/g) and (118.36mg/g) respectively in Prosopis cineraria. Leaf P was the highest (0.42mg/g) in Prosopis cineraria also. Maximum stem Na (333.00mg/g) was in Salsola imbricata. In flowers, highest P (0.42mg/g) was found in flower of Salsola imbricata.
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