The traditional Chinese medicinal plant Brucea javanica has received much attention for its significant antiprotozoal effects in recent years; however, little is known about its potential anticoccidial functions. In the present study, a series of experiments was conducted to investigate the prophylactic and therapeutic effects of ethanol extract from B. javanica on coccidiosis induced by Eimeria tenella in broiler chickens. Chickens infected with E. tenella were treated with B. javanica extract and compared either with broilers treated with the anticoccidial halofuginone hydrobromide (Stenorol) or with control groups that consisted of infected-unmedicated and uninfected-unmedicated broilers. The experiments revealed that the B. javanica extract could significantly (P < 0.05) reduce bloody diarrhea and lesion scores. Additional, OPG output in these plant extract treated groups was reduced in comparison with non-treated groups (P < 0.05). However, there was no evidence to show that the extract could promote BWG. Histological data showed that the number of second-generation schizonts in the medicated groups was substantially less than that in the infected-unmedicated control. In summary, our work showed that B. javanica extract exerted considerable anticoccidial effects, supporting its use as a promising therapeutic in controlling avian coccidiosis.
This concept paper discusses the impact of implementing the learning-through-play method on fostering interest, engagement and achievement among preschoolers for the topic of money value in Early Mathematics. Since 2010, the transformation of the preschool curriculum in Malaysia has resulted in the National Preschool Curriculum Standard (KSPK), which focuses on a child-centered curriculum. Developmentally Appropriate Practices (DAP) are an important aspect emphasized in the KSPK. Based on DAP, the child-centered teaching and learning process, such as learning through play, is one of the main focuses of the KSPK. Therefore, this concept paper aims to explore the efficacy of the learning-through-play method in fostering the interest, engagement and achievement of preschoolers in learning early mathematics for "Money Value". Previous studies indicate that most teachers have used the learning-through-play method in teaching various subjects. Their purpose in using the learning-through-play method is to attract pupils' interest in learning and improve achievement performance in different subjects. Some researchers use the learning-through-play method to enhance pupils' performance in early mathematics, especially on the topic of pre-numbers. However, previous studies also show that preschool teachers still use traditional teaching approaches and worksheets only nowadays. To address the issue of pupils losing interest in learning and lack of participation and engagement in the teaching and learning process, it is suggested that preschool teachers should intensify efforts and implement the learning-through-play method in teaching preschoolers.
Objective: From the perspective of actual service suppliers regarding cancer screening, this study aimed to assess the long-term sustainability of cancer screening programs in China. Methods: Based on a Cancer Screening Program in Urban China (CanSPUC), our survey focused on all the hospitals, centers for disease control and prevention (CDC) and community service centers across 16 provinces in China which participated in the programs between 2013 and 2015. All the managers (institutional/department level) and professional staff involved in the program were interviewed using either paper-based questionnaire or online approach. Results: A total of 4 626 participants completed the interview. It showed that the main gains from providing screening service emphasized promotion in social value (63.6%), local reputation (35.9%), and professional skills (30.6%), whereas difficulties encountered included inadequate compensation (30.9%) and discordance among information systems (28.3%). When the service remuneration amounts to about 50 Chinese Yuan per screening item, those professional staff self-reported that they would like to work overtime. More than half (63.7%) of the staff expressed willingness to provide routine screening service, the main expectations were to promote their reputation to the local residents (48.7%) and to promote professional skills (43.1%). Those who were not willing to provide screening services were worried about the potential heavy workload (59.8%) or being interfered with their routine work (49.8%). Further detailed results regarding the different organization types and program roles were presented in the following detailed report. Conclusions: Findings of gains and difficulties showed that if cancer screening is expected to become a long-term running, incentive mechanism from the program, external promotion and advocacy as well as capacity building should be strengthened; furthermore, rewards to staff's screening services should be raised according to the local situations. Results regarding the "willingness to provide service" showed that management of the program should also be strengthened, including information system building and inter-agency and inter-department coordination at the government levels.目的： 基于癌症筛查实际供方角度，从工作人员主观感受及意愿层面评价癌症筛查项目的可持续性。 方法： 2014－2015年，基于城市癌症早诊早治项目，在16个省份项目点选取2013－2015年所有承担项目的医院、CDC和社区卫生服务中心，采用纸质问卷和网络调查开展访谈，对象包括宏观管理人员、具体项目管理人员和一线工作人员等。 结果： 最终完成访谈4 626份，访谈对象总体认为参加项目的最大收获在于社会价值感的提升（63.6%）、当地影响力（35.9%）及专业技能提升（30.6%）等；最大困难在于社会物质激励不够所致工作积极性低（30.9%）、信息采集口径不一致（28.3%）、部门间协调（24.4%）和机构间沟通衔接困难（23.5%）等。当单项筛查服务劳务补偿约50元时，工作人员会考虑加班工作。63.7%的受访者有长期筛查服务意愿，主要原因：可通过项目提升个人/团队在当地影响口碑（48.7%）、通过项目提升个人/团队专业技能（43.1%）等；无服务意愿者主要担心工作量超负荷（59.8%）、对日常工作的干扰（49.8%）等。 结论： 收获与困难相关结果提示，若要长期可持续性开展癌症筛查工作，建议加强项目内荣誉激励、对外宣传及专业能力建设，根据具体情况提高劳务补偿。服务意愿结果则提示，应从政府和领导层面加强信息化建设及机构/部门间协调，机构内应合理协调筛查项目与日常工作。.
Anemia is a frequent complication in hemodialysis patients. Compared to conventional hemodialysis (CHD), short daily hemodialysis (sDHD) has been reported to be effective in many countries except China. The aim of the present study was to determine whether sDHD could improve anemia and quality of life (QOL) for Chinese outpatients with end-stage renal disease. Twenty-seven patients (16 males/11 females) were converted from CHD to sDHD. All laboratory values were measured before conversion (baseline), at 3 months after conversion (sDHD1), and at 6 months after conversion (sDHD2). The patient's QOL was evaluated at baseline and 6 months after conversion using the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). Hemoglobin concentration increased significantly from 107.4 ± 7.9 g/L at baseline to 114.4 ± 6.8 g/L (P<0.05) at sDHD1, and 118.3±8.4 g/L (P<0.001) at sDHD2 (Student paired t-test). However, the dose requirement for erythropoietin decreased from 6847.8 ± 1057.3 U/week at baseline to 5869.6±1094.6 U/week (P<0.05) at sDHD2. Weekly stdKt/V increased significantly from 2.05±0.13 at baseline to 2.73±0.20 (P<0.001) at sDHD1, and 2.84±0.26 (P<0.001) at sDHD2. C-reactive protein decreased from baseline to sDHD1 and sDHD2, but without statistically significant differences. Physical and mental health survey scores increased in the 6 months following conversion to sDHD. sDHD may increase hemoglobin levels, decrease exogenous erythropoietin dose requirements, and improve QOL in Chinese hemodialysis patients compared to CHD. A possible mechanism for improvement of clinical outcomes may be optimized management of uremia associated with the higher efficiency of sDHD.
In the international Communist movement literature and art: were always treated as gear wheel and screw of the whole revolutionary machine in both the former Soviet Union and socialist New China. In their efforts to serve the workers, peasants, soldiers and the politics, the Chinese artists painstakingly and carefully looked for the linking points of politics and art and created one batch after another of masterpieces that belonged to that particular period of time and were loved by the people in the fields of traditional Chinese painting, oil painting, print and sculpture. MAO Ze-dong's extremely Leftist line in his late years pushed the three standouts, tall, big, perfect and red, radiant, bright art to the pinnacle and the end. Meanwhile, it also provides an opportunity for the Chinese art to rejuvenate and develop in the new period of reform and opening-up.
Endowed with 5,000 years of ancient tradition and heritage, China is reputed as the single oldest uninterrupted civilization in the world. Ancient Chinese made great contributions to mankind by the invention of the compass, gunpowder, papermaking, and printing, which are recorded in history as the Four Great Inventions. For centuries, China has been one of the world’s most technologically advanced civilizations and the most dominant cultural influence to the East Asia region. In the 21st century, China’s resurgence as one of the preeminent powers brings worldwide attention. With its population of nearly 1.3 billion, its expansive territory, and its huge market potentials, China’s modern development will continue to benefit the world, just as it did in ancient history. Today, science and technology long have preoccupied China’s policymakers, and there is an urgent need for China to wield modern information and communication technology (ICT) in order to reinvent government regime. However, the legacies of thousands of years of feudalistic tradition and the ideological control over the Mao era, which lasted for nearly three decades, make it difficult to revolutionize the country’s governance system promptly. Therefore, the Chinese government had to adopt a gradual and steady approach toward social democratic reform. Through this process, e-government projects play an important role; for example, a national electronic audit network has given impetus to China’s fiscal transparency and public expenditure management. This article is organized as follows: First, there is a brief historical retrospect of China’s cultural background; second, there is an introduction of current main e-government projects in China; finally, upon the analysis of the progression of fiscal transparency in China, an optimistic expectation of China’s future e-government and e-democracy is given.
Objective: To understand the constituent and workload of service providers engaged in cancer screening in China and provide evidence for the assessment of the sustainability of national cancer screening project. Methods: Using either questionnaire or online approach, the survey was conducted in 16 provinces, where Cancer Screening Program in Urban China (CanSPUC) was conducted, from 2014 to 2015. The medical institutes surveyed included hospitals [71.1% were class Ⅲ(A) hospitals], centers for disease control and prevention (CDCs) and community centers where cancer screening was undertaken during 2013-2015. The questionnaire survey was conducted among the staffs responsible for the overall coordination, management and implementation of the screening project to collect the information about the allocation, workload and compensation of the service providers from different specialties. Results: A total of 4 626 staffs were surveyed in this study, their average age was (37.7±9.5) years, and males accounted for 31.0%. Human resources allocated differed with province. The number of senior staff ranged from 6 (Chongqing) to 43 (Beijing) among the 8 comparable provinces. Among the staffs surveyed, 2 192 were from hospitals, 431 were from CDCs and 1 990 were from community centers, and the staffs who complained heavy workload accounted for 19.9%, 24.6% and 34.1% respectively (P<0.001). Among 227 staffs for overall coordination, 376 management staffs and 3 908 staffs for implementation, those who complained heavy workload accounted for 23.6%, 22.3% and 28.2% respectively (P<0.001). A total of 3 244 staffs (73.8%) got compensations for heavy workload. The compensation types were manly labor fee linked with workload (67.5%) and labor fee regardless workload (26.6%). Conclusion: The province specific differences in human resources allocation indicated the differences in screening project's organizing pattern and capability. It is suggested to conduct routine cancer screening (using specialized staffs), reduce the workload of the first line and community staffs and increase the compensation for the service providers for the sustainability of cancer screening project in China.目的： 从癌症筛查服务人员组成和工作服务负荷，了解癌症筛查项目的可持续性。 方法： 2014－2015年基于城市癌症早诊早治项目，在16个省份项目点选取2013－2015年所有承担项目的医院（71.1%为三甲医院）、CDC和社区中心，采用纸质问卷和网络调查，访谈对象包括宏观管理人员、具体项目管理人员和一线工作人员等，内容包括不同专业人员配备情况、工作人员工作负荷及补偿情况等。 结果： 完成合格调查4 626份，年龄（37.7±9.5）岁，男性占31.0%。省份间投入人员数量差别较大，以2012年加入项目的8个可比省份为例，副高及以上人员数量为6人（重庆）至43人（北京）不等；细化不同专业间差别也较大。不同机构来源工作人员中，医院（n=2 192）、CDC（n=431）和社区中心人员（n=1 990）自报因参加项目工作量增加所致压力较大的占比依次为19.9%、24.6%和34.1%（P<0.001）。对应不同项目角色分类人员，宏观管理（n=227）、项目具体管理人员（n=376）和一线工作人员（n=3 908）自报压力较大的比例依次为23.6%、22.3%和28.2%（P<0.001）。3 244名（73.8%）工作人员为项目工作加班获得报酬或补偿，其中以与工作量挂钩的劳务费（67.5%）和工作量不挂钩劳务费（26.6%）形式最多见。 结论： 省份间人员配置情况提示各现场的组织模式不同，客观能力可能存在差异。若要长期可持续性开展癌症筛查工作，建议筛查工作趋向常规化，减轻社区和一线工作人员压力，提高物质和非物质激励，可设专职人员。.
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