The cross-lagged panel (regression) model (CLPM) is the usual framework of choice to test the longitudinal reciprocal effects between self-concept and achievement. Criticisms of the CLPM are that causal paths are over-estimated as they fail to discriminate between- and within-person variation. The random-intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM) is one alternative that extends the CLPM by partialling out between-person variance.We compare analyses from a CLPM and a RI-CLPM which examine the reciprocal relationships between self-concept, self-efficacy, and achievement and determine the extent CLPM estimates are inflated by between-person variance.Participants (n = 314) were first-year undergraduate psychology students recruited as part of the STudent Engagement with Education and Learning (STEEL) project.Participants completed measures of self-efficacy and self-concept prior to completing fortnightly quiz assessments.Cross-Lagged Panel (regression) Model estimates are likely over-estimated in comparison with RI-CLPM estimates. Cross-Lagged Panel (regression) Model analyses identified a reciprocal effects relationship between self-concept and achievement, confirming established literature. In RI-CLPM analyses, these effects were attenuated and a skill development association between achievement and self-concept was supported. A reciprocal relationship between self-efficacy and achievement was supported. Better model fit was reported for the RI-CLPM analyses.Prior findings relating to the reciprocal effects of self-concept and achievement need to be reconsidered. Whilst such a relationship was supported in a CLPM analysis in this study, within an RI-CLPM framework, only achievement predicted self-concept. However, in both CLPM and RI-CLPM models a reciprocal effects model of self-efficacy and achievement was supported.
(1) To identify factors that older adults find encouraging or discouraging about the prospect of relocation to a retirement village; and (2) to identify features or facilities often associated with retirement communities that are most appealing to prospective residents.Randomly selected community residents (n = 517), aged 55-94 years, from the Australian Capital Territory completed postal surveys to identify the characteristics associated with retirement villages that influence relocation decisions.The provision of outdoor living areas, support in maintaining independence, assisted living facilities and accessibility to medical facilities were identified as factors that would encourage relocation. Luxury services (e.g. heated swimming pools) were indicated as least likely to encourage relocation. Negative perceptions most influential in discouraging relocation reflected a fear of losing independence and privacy.Through identifying the expectations of prospective residents, retirement village providers may better tailor facilities to the needs of their target demographic.
The present study investigated the relationship between narcissistic personality traits, body attitudes, and muscle dysmorphia. Participants were 117 men, aged 18 to 58 years, identifying as men who currently weight train ( n = 78), former weight trainers ( n = 28), or who had never weight trained ( n = 11). Results indicated that male body attitudes were significantly associated with indications of muscle dysmorphia. Moreover, men who currently weight trained reported more positive body attitudes than former weight trainers. Specifically former weight trainers reported significantly more negative body attitudes compared with men who currently weight train if training frequency was reported as once per week or less. No significant association was found between narcissism and muscle dysmorphia. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between current and former weight trainers in levels of narcissism or muscle dysmorphia. These results highlight avenues for further investigation and the importance of understanding the complexity of body image issues in men in clinical practice.
Mental illnesses are as prevalent among elite athletes as in the general population. Despite this, there is little research examining how to enhance mental health literacy or helping behaviors in elite sport environments. A Mental Health in Sport (MHS) workshop was therefore developed and its effects on mental health literacy and confidence studied in 166 coaches and support staff working with elite athletes and teams in Australia. Results indicated that participants increased their knowledge of the signs and symptoms of common mental illnesses and were more confident in helping someone who may be experiencing a mental health problem. We conclude that even a very brief intervention can be effective in improving the mental health literacy and confidence of key persons in elite sport environments, and may promote early intervention and timely referral of elite athletes with mental health concerns to appropriate professionals.
The existence of multiple wellbeing indicators reflecting Psychological, Subjective and Social Wellbeing domains is widely reported. However, there is limited examination of the wellbeing profiles individuals report across multiple indicators. The current paper utilises a latent profile framework to examine the extent individuals report different wellbeing profiles. Participants (n = 42, 038) were from the European Social Survey (ESS), a large multi-national study who completed the ESS wellbeing module. Profiles analyses identified no complexity in the experiences of groups of individuals across different wellbeing indicators; individuals who scored high (or low) on one indicator scored high (or low) on the other indicators. Similarly, analysis of higher-order wellbeing dimensions were consistent, no complexity was reported. Different profile classes simply reflected groups of individuals who generally scored at consistent levels across multiple wellbeing indicators.
This study examined the extent to which associations between volunteering and subjective well-being (SWB) could be related to volunteers having more supportive social networks relative to nonvolunteers. The sample consisted of 561 midlife and older adults (aged 55–94 years) from the TRAnsitions In Later Life study. Multiple mediation analyses examined associations between hours spent volunteering per week; availability of social support from friends, relatives, and neighbors; positive and negative social exchanges; and SWB. The results indicated that the higher life satisfaction and positive affect reported by those who volunteer at moderate levels (up to 7 hr per week) are related to their higher levels of positive social exchanges and greater availability of social support from friends and family, relative to nonvolunteers. Those who volunteer at higher levels (7 hr or more per week) also reported greater levels of positive affect in comparison to nonvolunteers, and this was related to their greater availability of social support from friends. Availability of support from friends accounted for the greatest proportion of the volunteering–SWB associations. The findings suggest that the positive SWB associated with volunteering is related to volunteers' more extensive friend and family networks.
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