The French Revolution, as the result of a longterm development and evolution of human history, especially the development of contradiction between the growth of the industrial power and the feudaltheological system since the Middle Ages in Europe, was in conformity with the fundamental law of history and was inevitable. However, the French Revolution, due to the manipulation and command of the legists and metaphysicians (the middle class), became a bourgeois, not an industrial's revolution, which deviated from its aim and strayed from its right path. Therefore, the actual achievements was much too limited. Nevertheless, the French Revolution ushered in a new epoch of universal revolutions and opened up the way leading to the industrial society. Since modern society was an industrial one, the industrialists should lose no time to seize the political arena and, by means of forming an alliance with monarchic power, to reorganize peacefully the society for the building of an industrial society, which was the logic resolution and final home of the French Revolution
Based on the dissolubility of the product,valsartan and amlodipine tablets were prepared for the establishment of the in-vitro dissolution.The presciption and preparation crafts were selected with overseas valsartan and amlodipine tablets as reference.The similarity of dissolubility curves was evaluated by the similarity factor(f_2)method.The optimized prescription for 1 000 tablets was composed of valsalan 80.0 g,amlodipine 6.9 g,tiny pouder silica gel 1.5 g,microcrystalline cellulose 54.4 g,polvvinvlpolvpyrrolidone 25.5 g,and stearic acid magnesium 1.7 g.In dissolution media with different pH,the comparison of the dissolubility curves of valsartan and amlodipine between self-prepared preparations and reference ones indicated that similar factors f_2 were both more than 50,and the in vitro dissolution behavior of selfprepared preparation and of reference one was similar.
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) has caused sharp declines in aquaculture industries of whiteleg shrimp Penaeus vannamei in Asia and the Americas since 2010. Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. campbellii, V. owensii and V. punensis have been proved to cause AHPND. However, the mechanisms underlying the burgeoning number of Vibrio species that cause AHPND is not known. All of AHPND-causing Vibrio bacteria (VAHPND) harbor a highly homologous plasmid (designated as pVA1-type) carrying pirABvp toxin genes. In this study, we demonstrate conclusively that the pVA1-type plasmid can be transferred from VAHPND to non-pathogenic bacteria. We constructed a pVPGX1-Cmr plasmid (a pVA1-type plasmid) by adding a chloramphenicol resistance gene as a marker in a donor AHPND-causing V. parahaemolyticus 20130629002S01 (Vp2S01). Horizontal transfer of this plasmid was successfully performed from the AHPND-Vp2S01 to a non-pathogenic strain of V. campbellii at the transfer efficiency of 2.6 x 10-8 transconjugant/recipient, and DNase I treatment did not eliminate the transfer. The recipient V. campbellii acquired the pVA1-type plasmid and was shown to produce pirABvp RNA and proteins. Challenge studies using the transconjugant caused 100% mortality in exposed groups of P. vannamei. The challenged shrimp, infected with the transconjugant bacteria, showed typical gross signs and histological lesions of AHPND. This is the first report demonstrating the conjugative transfer of an AHPND pVA1-type plasmid. It provides timely information for explaining the increased species of AHPND-causing Vibrio bacteria and will be useful in the development of management strategies leading to the prevention and control of AHPND.
Infections with Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP), infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV), and Decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1) pose significant challenges to the shrimp industry. Here, a melting curve-based triple real-time PCR assay based on the fluorescent dye Eva Green was established for the simultaneous detection of EHP, IHHNV, and DIV1. The assay showed high specificity, sensitivity, and reproducibility. A total of 190 clinical samples from Shandong, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Guangdong, and Hainan provinces in China were evaluated by the triple Eva Green real-time PCR assay. The positive rates of EHP, IHHNV, and DIV1 were 10.5%, 18.9%, and 44.2%, respectively. The samples were also evaluated by TaqMan qPCR assays for EHP, DIV1, and IHHNV, and the concordance rate was 100%. This illustrated that the newly developed triple Eva Green real-time PCR assay can provide an accurate method for the simultaneous detection of three shrimp pathogens.
In this study, ridgetail white prawns-Exopalaemon carinicauda-were infected per os (PO) with debris of Penaeus vannamei infected with shrimp hemocyte iridescent virus (SHIV 20141215), a strain of decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1), and via intramuscular injection (IM with raw extracts of SHIV 20141215. The infected E. carinicauda showed obvious clinical symptoms, including weakness, empty gut and stomach, pale hepatopancreas, and partial death with mean cumulative mortalities of 42.5% and 70.8% by nonlinear regression, respectively. Results of TaqMan probe-based real-time quantitative PCR showed that the moribund and surviving individuals with clinical signs of infected E. carinicauda were DIV1-positive. Histological examination showed that there were darkly eosinophilic and cytoplasmic inclusions, of which some were surrounded with or contained tiny basophilic staining, and pyknosis in hemocytes in hepatopancreatic sinus, hematopoietic cells, cuticular epithelium, etc. On the slides of in situ DIG-labeling-loop-mediated DNA amplification (ISDL), positive signals were observed in hematopoietic tissue, stomach, cuticular epithelium, and hepatopancreatic sinus of infected prawns from both PO and IM groups. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of ultrathin sections showed that icosahedral DIV1 particles existed in hepatopancreatic sinus and gills of the infected E. carinicauda from the PO group. The viral particles were also observed in hepatopancreatic sinus, gills, pereiopods, muscles, and uropods of the infected E. carinicauda from the IM group. The assembled virions, which mostly distributed along the edge of the cytoplasmic virogenic stromata near cellular membrane of infected cells, were enveloped and approximately 150 nm in diameter. The results of molecular tests, histopathological examination, ISDL, and TEM confirmed that E. carinicauda is a susceptible host of DIV1. This study also indicated that E. carinicauda showed some degree of tolerance to the infection with DIV1 per os challenge mimicking natural pathway.
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is a severe shrimp disease originally shown to be caused by virulent strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VPAHPND). Rare cases of AHPND caused by Vibrio species other than V. parahaemolyticus were reported. We compared an AHPND-causing V. campbellii (VCAHPND) and a VPAHPND isolate from the same AHPND-affected pond. Both strains are positive for the virulence genes pirABvp . Immersion challenge test with Litopenaeus vannamei indicated the two strains possessed similar pathogenicity. Complete genome comparison showed that the pirABvp -bearing plasmids in the two strains were highly homologous, and they both shared high homologies with plasmid pVA1, the reported pirABvp -bearing plasmid. Conjugation and DNA-uptake genes were found on the pVA1-type plasmids and the host chromosomes, respectively, which may facilitate the dissemination of pirABvp . Novel variations likely driven by ISVal1 in the genetic contexts of the pirABvp genes were found in the two strains. Moreover, the VCAHPND isolate additionally contains multiple antibiotic resistance genes, which may bring difficulties to control its future outbreak. The dissemination of the pirABvp in non-parahaemolyticus Vibrio also rises the concern of missing detection in industrial settings since the isolation method currently used mainly targeting V. parahaemolyticus. This study provides timely information for better understanding of the causes of AHPND and molecular epidemiology of pirABvp and also appeals for precautions to encounter the dissemination of the hazardous genes.
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