Spinal instrumentation and surgical techniques have exponentially improved over the years, and today's spinal surgeon is well equipped to rigidly fix the spine with minimum adverse effects.Complications may emerge during or after the surgical operations.Infection, hematoma and neurological deficits are early noticed findings.Instrumentation problems i.e. screw and/or rod failures present in long-term after surgery.Caudal rod migration out of the spinal column is a rare entity.We report here three case incidents (in two patients) of lumbar degenerative disorders requiring spinal instrumentation that represented with caudal rod migration, all associated with one particular implant made.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the mid-term outcome of pedicle screw-laminar hook (PS-LH) fixation in the surgical treatment of thoracolumbar burst fractures.Nineteen patients (12 male, 7 female; mean age: 34.4 years, range: 19 to 57 years) with thoracolumbar burst fractures treated using PS-LH between 1996 and 2006 were evaluated. The 17 patients (11 male, 6 female) who had a minimum of 2 years follow-up were included in the study. Radiographic outcome was evaluated by measuring the local kyphosis angle (LKA) and anterior vertebral height (AVH). Mean follow-up was 81 (range: 38 to 122) months and 15 patients completed more than 5 years of follow-up.Preoperative vertebral height loss and LKA of 41.2% (range: 29% to 64%) and 16.8° (range: 5° to 36°), respectively, were corrected to 16.3% (range: 0% to 44%) and -1.2° (range: -17° to 10°), respectively, after the operation. Mean losses of correction for vertebral height and local kyphosis were 1.8 ± 7.9% and 4.3 ± 7.1 degrees, respectively, at the 2-year follow-up and -1.8 ± 4.5% and 0.5 ± 1.5 degrees, respectively, between 2 years and 5 years. Loss of correction was significant for the LKA (p=0.023) but not for vertebral height (p=0.360). Five patients had losses of correction of more than 5 degrees. Changes between 2 and 5 years were not significant for vertebral height loss and local kyphosis (p=0.147 and p=0.205, respectively) and remained improved when compared with the preoperative values (p<0.001). Average SF-36 scores of the 15 patients evaluated at the final follow-up were comparable with the general Turkish population.The PS-LH construct provided a significant correction of the local kyphotic deformity. Augmentation of the upper and lower pedicle screw by the sublaminar hook did not completely prevent correction loss but was found to stabilize at the 5th year of follow-up without any clinical problems.
The aim our study was to establish a core curriculum (CC) for spine surgery incorporating knowledge, skills and attitudes to help define spine surgery as a medical specialty and serve as a guide for specific spine surgery training.A committee was established to prepare the CC. Five modules were established; Basic Sciences, Spinal Trauma, Degenerative Spine Diseases, Destructive Spine Pathologies and Spinal Deformity. Prepared CC modules were evaluated in a consensus meeting, translated and reevaluated in a second consensus meeting before being accepted as final.In the five modules, 54 subject headings (19 for Basic Sciences, 10 for Spinal Trauma, 4 for Degenerative Spine Diseases, 4 for Destructive Spine Pathologies and 17 for Spinal Deformity) and 165 specific subjects (59 for Basic Sciences, 32 for Spinal Trauma, 10 for Degenerative Spine Diseases, 23 for Destructive Spine Pathologies and 41 for Spinal Deformity) were defined. Learning outcomes and entry and exit criteria were defined for all subjects.This CC may form the basis of spinal surgery training, defining spinal surgery as a medical specialty and help us spine surgeons to develop better defined identities.
Study design Cross-sectional. Objectives To identify the regional and global apexes of curves in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and to compare the levels of those with the most rotated vertebral levels on computed tomography scans. Summary of background data The terminology regarding the terms and definitions had been arbitrary until being refined and standardized by the Scoliosis Research Society Working Group on Three-Dimensional Terminology of Spinal Deformity. Apical vertebra or disc is defined as the most laterally deviated vertebra or disc in a scoliosis curve, but the most rotated vertebra (or disc) has not been included in this terminology. One study suggested that the most rotated vertebral level was always located at the apex. Methods Thirty-three structural curves of 25 consecutive patients scheduled for surgery for thoracic or thoracolumbar scoliosis were analyzed with standing anteroposterior radiographs and computed tomography scans covering the curve apexes and pelvis. Thoracic and lumbar curves were evaluated separately for all Type II curves. Vertebral rotations were normalized by the rotation of the pelvis. The most rotated vertebral (or disc) levels (transverse apex) were compared with the regional and global apex levels (vertebra or disc) (coronal apexes) of the corresponding curves separately. Results Regional and global apexes were at the same level in 18 (54.5%) curves, and within half a level in another 15 (45.4%), and the regional apex was one level higher in two curves (95% confidence levels: -0.82, +0.88). Comparison of the most rotated levels with regional and global apex levels revealed a higher variability, extending up to two levels for the global apex (95% confidence levels: -1.19, +1.54 levels for the global and -1.0, +1.41 levels for the regional apexes). Conclusion This study demonstrated that the regional or global apex of a given curve is the most rotated level in only a minority of the curves. The most rotated level may be as far as two levels from the global apex and one level from the regional apex.
Instrumentation and correction of severe congenital scoliosis, particularly in patients with spinal dysraphism, has been reported to cause a high potential rate of neurological compromise after instrumentation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of posterior instrumentation and correction of congenital scoliosis with accompanying spinal dysraphism.Level IV therapeutic studies.Retrospective x-ray measurements to analyze the efficacy and the evaluation of hospital charts to document the intraoperative and postoperative complications were performed for a consecutive patient series. Scoliosis Research Society-22 questionnaire was used to analyze the health-related quality of life.Twenty-two patients (18 girls and 4 boys) formed the basis of the study. The average age was 12 years (range, 7-18 years) and the average follow-up period was 3.2 years (range, 2-10 years). The types of spinal dysraphism were diastematomyelia in 20 patients and syringomyelia with tethered cord in 2 patients. Twelve patients had previous surgery and 3 patients had simultaneous surgeries for spinal dysraphism. Posterior instrumentation with/without anterior release and fusion was performed in all patients. Major curve was corrected from an average of 71 degrees to 40 degrees (correction rate, 43.6%). The compensatory curve was corrected from an average of 47 degrees to 25 degrees (correction rate, 46.8%). The average loss of correction at final follow-up was 2.2 degrees for major curve and 3.5 degrees for the compensatory curve. The average scores for the 5 domains of Scoliosis Research Society-22 questionnaire were 3.5 for function, 3.9 for pain, 3.5 for self-image, 3.6 for mental health, 3.9 for satisfaction, and 3.6 for total. Neurological monitoring was conducted by using the wake-up test in all patients. The overall complication rate was 31%, including neurological compromise in 2 patients (9%).Spinal instrumentation was effective for the control of deformity with a relatively higher rate of complications. However, with respect to high complication rate, the ideal solution for managing the congenital cases is still to prevent the progression of the curve with early intervention by using the optimal surgical approach for that particular patient.
Introduction Treatment of adult spinal deformity (ASD) is known to be associated with a fairly high rate of complications whereas the impact of these complications on treatment outcomes is less well known. Aim of this study is to analyze the impact of treatment complications on outcomes in ASD using a decision analysis (DA) model. Material and Methods From an international multicentre database of ASD patients (968 pts), 535 who had completed 1 year follow-up (371 non-surgical –NS), 164 surgical –S), constitute the population of this study. DA was structured in two main steps of: 1) Baseline analysis (Assessing the probabilities of outcomes, Assessing the values of preference –utilities-, Combining information on probability and utility and assigning the quality adjusted life expectancy (QALE) for each treatment) and 2) Sensitivity analysis. Complications were analyzed as life threatening (LT) and non-life threatening (NLT) and their probabilities were calculated from the database as well as a thorough literature review. Outcomes were analyzed as improvement (decrease in ODI > 8pts), no change and deterioration (increase in ODI > 8pts). Death/complete paralysis was considered as a separate category. Results All 535 patients (371 NS, 164 S) could be analyzed in regard to complications. Overall, there were 78 NLT and 12 LT complications and 3 death/paralysis. Surgical treatment was significantly more prone to complications (31.7% versus 11.1%, p < 0.001) (Table 1 a). On the other hand, presence of complications did not necessarily decrease the chances of improvement, surgical patients tending to rate better in this respect (Table 1b). Likewise, QALE was not particularly affected by the presence or absence of complications regardless of the type of treatment (Table 1c). Conclusion This study has demonstrated that surgical treatment of ASD is more likely to cause complications compared with non-surgical treatment. On the other hand, presence of complications neither has a negative impact on the likelihood of clinical improvement nor affects the QALE at the first year detrimentally.