Possibilities of determination of thiocyanate ions, which play an important role in e.g. improving the quality of the nickel electrodeposits, were studied. Two different ways of voltammetric determination of thiocyanate ions in real samples (matrix in nickel electroplating solution) were investigated: formation of complexes with either mercury or copper. In both cases the determination was performed without any sample digestion. The best results were reached for desorption of the copper-thiocyanate complex from the mercury electrode surface with limit of detection 10 μg L - 1 .
In the present medical practice a poisoning by lead is usually proved by measuring the concentration of Pb (II) ions in blood and urine and by the determination of d-aminolevulic acid (ALA) as well as by a semiquantitative determination of the porphyrines content in urine. The above analytical procedures are time-consuming and relatively expensive. The present communication describes the procedures used for obtaining independent analytical results in following the detoxication of the organism after a lead poisoning. It has been found that the quantity of Pb(II) ions determined in urine and blood and that of d-aminolevulic acid and of porphyrines in urine are not independent. A correlation was e.g. found between the porphyrine and the d-aminolevulic acid content. Thus the determination of one of last-mentioned substances is superfluous. The correlation analysis made it possible to propose a simplification and an acceleration of following the detoxication process in a patient.
The voltammetric behavior of 2-methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol was investigated by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) at a nontoxic mercury meniscus-modified silver solid amalgam electrode (m-AgSAE). Conditions have been found for its determination by DPV at m-AgSAE in the concentration range of 0.2 to 1 μmol L−1.
Context. Mass or cluster methanol poisonings are frequently reported from around the world. The comparative effectiveness of ethanol and fomepizole as antidotes for methanol poisoning is unknown due to the difficulty of performing a randomized controlled trial. Objective. During an outbreak of mass poisonings in the Czech Republic in 2012–2014, we compared the effects of antidotes on the frequency of health sequelae and mortality. Methods. The study was designed as a cross-sectional case series and quasi-case–control study. Patients with a diagnosis of methanol poisoning on admission to hospitals were identified for the study. Diagnosis was established when (i) a history of recent ingestion of illicit spirits was available and serum methanol was higher than 6.2 mmol/L (20 mg/dL), or (ii) there was a history/clinical suspicion of methanol poisoning, and serum methanol was above the limit of detection with at least two of the following: pH < 7.3, serum bicarbonate < 20 mmol/L, and anion gap or AG ≥ 20 mmol/L. Fomepizole was given as a bolus dose of 15 mg/kg i.v. diluted in isotonic saline, followed by 10 mg/kg every 12 h (every 4 h during hemodialysis); ethanol was administered both intravenously as a 10% solution in 5% glucose, and per os in boluses of 20% solution. Multivariate regression was applied to determine the effect of antidote on outcome. Additionally, for a retrospective quasi-case–control study, a control group of patients treated with ethanol, matched carefully on severity of poisoning and other key parameters, was selected. Results. Data were obtained from 100 hospitalized patients with confirmed poisoning: 25 patients treated with fomepizole were compared with 68 patients receiving ethanol (seven patients did not receive any antidote). More severely acidotic (p < 0.001) and late-presenting (>12 h; p = 0.028) patients received fomepizole more often than ethanol, as reflected in the higher number of fomepizole-treated patients being intubated (p = 0.009). No association was found between the type of antidote and the survival in either the case series (p = 0.205) or the quasi-control groups (p = 0.705) in which patients were very closely matched to minimize confounding by allocation. In the multivariate analysis, positive serum ethanol (odds ratio [OR], 10.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.9–39.9) and arterial blood pH (OR, 3.7; 95% CI, 1.3–10.5) on admission were the only independent variables for the survival. The median intensive care unit length of stay was 6 (range, 2–22) days in the fomepizole group and 4 (range, 1–33) days in the ethanol group (p = 0.131). There were no differences in the use of elimination techniques between the two groups (neither in the full material (n = 100), nor the case–control groups (n = 50)). Conclusions. This study on antidotes for methanol poisoning did not show any evidence of different clinical effectiveness. Although ethanol is generally associated with a higher incidence of complications, this study suggests that both antidotes are similarly effective and that ethanol should not be avoided on grounds of effectiveness.
