In 1978, Congress passed the Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act (UMTRCA) to regulate the disposal and reclamation of uranium mill tailings.This article examines the implementation of this legislation through eight cases of uranium mills in New Mexico, Wyoming, and Utah now being reclaimed. The eight cases examined here make up an important part of the total reclamation picture in the uranium milling industry.
We determined the effects of transportation distance and holding times at a commercial slaughter facility on excretion rates of Campylobacter spp. in broilers. Fecal samples from broilers in each of 10 flocks were obtained at the following three sampling points: at the farms, following transportation, and after holding at the plant. The farms examined were divided into two groups based on distances and transport times to the plant. The prevalence and levels of Campylobacter spp. were evaluated for all specimens taken at the three sampling points. A statistically significant increase in counts was observed in samples from both groups following transportation (P < 0.05). The resting period at the abattoir prior to slaughter did not significantly reduce rates of Campylobacter spp. shedding in the flocks examined. Differences in distance travelled and transport durations between the two groups was not found to be a statistically significant factor in altering excretion rates of the organism. The present study demonstrated that transport-induced stress increased shedding of Campylobacter spp. in fecal material of broilers that may subsequently result in extensive carcass contamination.
Anti-microbial resistance is an emerging public health issue. Farmed animals may act as reservoirs and potential sources of anti-microbial resistant Campylobacters. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-microbial resistance profile of cattle and environmental Campylobacter isolates from normal untreated feedlot cattle, the role of the gyrA Thr-86-Ile mutation in ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter jejuni isolates and the involvement of the tripartite CmeABC efflux system for multi-resistant C. jejuni isolates. The phenotypic anti-microbial resistance testing was carried out on 500 Campylobacter isolates (445 cattle isolates and 55 environmental isolates). In general, there was a higher level of anti-microbial resistance for the environmental isolates compared with the animal isolates, 45% of the animal isolates were resistant to one or more of the seven anti-microbials compared with 84% of the environmental isolates. The combined cattle and environmental Campylobacters had 34 (6.8%) isolates resistant to three or more of the seven anti-microbials tested on all isolates and 11 (2.2%) isolates were resistant to the seven anti-microbials. There was a substantial level of ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacters in both animal (8.5%) and environmental (21.8%) isolates. The gyrA Thr-86-Ile mutation was only present in five of 22 ciprofloxacin-resistant C. jejuni isolates investigated. No multi-drug-resistant associated mutation was detected in the CmeB or the CmeR regions investigated. In conclusion, our study observed a substantial level of Campylobacter anti-microbial resistance, highlighting the need for an active anti-microbial surveillance program for food animals in Ireland and the importance of the chosen sampling point can have on the findings of such a program.
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate fecal shedding and transmission of E. coli O157 in cohorts of cattle within a feedlot, to assess subsequent contamination of carcasses with this pathogen and to identify risk factors associated with fecal shedding of E. coli O157. A cohort of 133 heifers housed infour adjacent pens was examined over a five month period, from entering the feedlot to slaughter. Individual rectal fecal samples and pen environmental samples were taken at monthly intervals. The entire outer and inner surfaces of a carcass side of each animal were swabbed immediately following slaughter. E. coli O157 was isolated from 136 (23%) of the 600 rectal fecal samples; 96% of which contained virulent markers. One hundred and sixty environmental samples were examined and E. coli O157 was isolated from 46 (29%), all of which contained virulent markers. E. coli O157 was not isolated from any of the dressed carcasses. The prevalence of E. coli O157 fecal shedding may be related to the pen and E. coli O157 contamination of the pen floor feces, water trough and feed. E. coli O157 should be considered as a pathogen shed in the feces of a substantial proportion of feedlot cattle. However, with good hygienic practice at harvest, a very low level of this pathogen can be achieved on dressed carcasses.
Accurately measuring a subject's abnormality using high dimensional data can empower better outcomes research. Utilizing applications in instrumented gait analysis, this article demonstrates how using data that is inherently non-independent to measure overall abnormality may bias results. A methodology is then introduced to address this bias and accurately measure abnormality in high dimensional spaces. While this methodology is in line with previous literature, it differs in two major ways. Advantageously, it can be applied to datasets in which the number of observations is less than the number of features/variables, and it can be abstracted to practically any number of domains or dimensions. Initial results of these methods show that they can detect known, real-world differences in abnormality between subject groups where established measures could not. This methodology is made freely available via the abnormality R package on CRAN.
Asymmetrical loading favoring the intact limb during running has been associated with increased prevalence of reported knee pain and potential risk factors of knee osteoarthritis in that limb for patients with amputation. Footstrike pattern alterations have been suggested to help alleviate some overloading of the knee, but little is known about how it affects the rest of the limb. The purpose of this case study was to evaluate the effect of footstrike pattern on the distribution of loading throughout the lower extremities during submaximal running of an individual with transtibial amputation (TTA). This study compared loading distribution among the lower extremity joints in a male patient who sustained a TTA and ran using both a rearfoot (RFS) and forefoot strike (FFS) pattern. The results of this case demonstrated that altering footstrike pattern minimally alters the total mechanical work being done by the lower extremities but more so affects the relative amount of work contributed by the individual joints. In the intact limb, the ankle contributes the most to power absorption using a FFS pattern while the knee has a larger role using a RFS pattern. This case suggests that the footstrike pattern affects lower extremity loading distribution at the joint level, and adopting a FFS pattern may alleviate overloading the knee, whereas a RFS pattern may reduce loading at the ankle in individuals with TTA.
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