Anthropometry has been widely used in different fields, providing relevant information for medicine, ergonomics and biometric applications. However, the existent solutions present marked disadvantages, reducing the employment of this type of evaluation. Studies have been conducted in order to easil y determine anthropometric measures considering data provided by low-cost sensors, such as the Microsoft Kinect. In this work, a methodology is proposed and implemented for estimating anthropometric measures considering the information acquired with this sensor. The measures obtained with this method were compared with the ones from a validation system, Qualisys. Comparing the relative errors determined with state-of-art references, for some of the estimated measures, lower errors were verified and a more complete characterization of the whole body structure was achieved.
Foot and hand set-up position effects were analysed on backstroke start performance. Ten swimmers randomly completed 27 starts grouped in trials (n = 3) of each variation, changing foot (totally immersed, partially and totally emerged) and hand (lowest, highest horizontal and vertical) positioning. Fifteen cameras recorded kinematics, and four force plates collected hands and feet kinetics. Standardised mean difference and 95% confidence intervals were used. Variations with feet immersed have shown lower vertical centre of mass (CM) set-up position (0.16 m), vertical impulse exerted at the hands, horizontal and vertical impulse exerted at the feet (0.28, 0.41, 0.16 N/BW.s, respectively) than feet emerged with hands horizontal and vertically positioned. Most variations with feet partially emerged exhibited higher and lesser vertical impulse exerted at hands than feet immersed and emerged (e.g. vertical handgrip, 0.13, 0.15 N/BW.s, respectively). Variation with feet emerged and hands on the lowest horizontal handgrip depicted shorter horizontal (0.23, 0.26 m) and vertical CM positioning at flight (0.16, 0.15 m) than the highest horizontal and vertical handgrip, respectively. Start variations have not affected 15-m time. Variations with feet partially or totally emerged depicted advantages, but focusing on the entry and underwater biomechanics is relevant for a shorter start time.
WalkinSense is a new device designed to monitor walking. The aim of this study was to measure the accuracy and repeatability of the gait analysis performed by the WalkinSense system. Descriptions of values recorded by WalkinSense depicting typical gait in adults are also presented. A bench experiment using the Trublu calibration device was conducted to statically test the WalkinSense. Following this, a dynamic test was carried out overlapping the WalkinSense and the Pedar insoles in 40 healthy participants during walking. Pressure peak, pressure peak time, pressure-time integral, and mean pressure at eight-foot regions were calculated. In the bench experiments, the repeatability (i) among the WalkinSense sensors (within), (ii) between two WalkinSense devices, and (iii) between the WalkinSense and the Trublu devices was excellent. In the dynamic tests, the repeatability of the WalkinSense (i) between stances in the same trial (within-trial) and (ii) between trials was also excellent (ICC > 0.90). When the eight-foot regions were analyzed separately, the within-trial and between-trials repeatability was good-to-excellent in 88% (ICC > 0.80) of the data and fair in 11%. In short, the data suggest that the WalkinSense has good-to-excellent levels of accuracy and repeatability for plantar pressure variables.
The concern about injuries in sport are evident due to the implications it carries. To have the knowledge of the mechanisms of injuries is important either to prevent and recovery. This context generates the appropriate scenario to develop an electronic solution to measure dynamically the Center of Pressure (CoP) and surfboard's movement and support the understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the occurrence of injuries. Two matrices composed by 24 force sensors and Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) controlled by ATEMEGA1280 microcontroller were developed. This system was tested using a dynamic protocol using one unstable structure at the bottom of the surfboard. The results have shown that the CoP displacement was largest during the tests that presented great rotation changes. Furthermore, the power oscillations were greater during transition moments. The proposed system is able to measure biomechanical variables dynamically, i.e., force, and surfboard's angle pitch and roll. This report reviews the surf injuries in literature and describes the electronic device used beyond to present the results of the tests performed.
Abstract Surfing is one additional sport proposed by the Tokyo 2020 Organizing Committee. Surprisingly, substantial efforts to understand surfing energetics are recent, and the impact of a single surfing paddling cycle on fatigue and energy cost is still not clear. Since surfing paddling technique is highly specific, experiments in real practice conditions are necessary to provide deeper insights. Through a biophysical approach, biomechanical and energetics responses of surfing paddling were quantified and compared from 16 competitive male surfers (23.5 ± 10.0 years old, 65.3 ± 11.4 kg and 1.72 ± 0.01 m) during two sets (PRE and POST) of 10 s all-out tethered paddling plus 20 m sprint paddling, interposed by 6 min of endurance paddling. Faster surfers presented lower energy cost during sprint PRE (r 2 = 0.30, p = 0.03) and endurance (r 2 = 0.35, p = 0.02) relative surfing paddling velocities. Although the energy cost was higher for a lower velocity at maximal paddling velocity POST, the energy cost of surfing paddling increased with absolute velocity according to a power function (R 2 = 0.83). Our results suggest that fatigue seems to occur even following a single surfing paddling cycle. Developing a powerful and endurable metabolic base while reducing energy cost during surfing paddling should be seen as key factors in surfing training programs.
O Laboratório de Biomecânica do Porto (LABIOMEP-UP) é um centro de competências da Universidade do Porto dedicado ao ensino, investigação científica e tecnológica, inovação, prestação de serviços técnicos especializados e transferência de conhecimento e tecnologia em Biomecânica (humana e animal) de interesse ergonómico, clínico, desportivo ou biomimético (ex: design, animação computacional e desenvolvimento de modelos). A missão do LABIOMEP-UP é catalisar o potencial de crescimento e vantagem competitiva da Universidade do Porto em todos os domínios direta ou indiretamente relacionados com a Biomecânica, incluindo a interação com o tecido industrial e comercial.
INTRODUÇÃO: O treinamento físico promove importantes respostas adaptativas no organismo que diminuem a morbidade e a mortalidade em hipertensos. Entretanto, são poucos os estudos que avaliaram a resposta pressórica do treinamento aeróbio de diferentes intensidades em hipertensos. Objetivo: Analisar os efeitos do treinamento físico aeróbio intenso com relação ao treinamento físico moderado sobre a pressão arterial ambulatorial em hipertensos.MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo 32 hipertensos (48 ± 9 anos) randomizados como: grupo de treinamento aeróbio de intensidade moderada (IM), intensidade de 60-65% da frequência cardíaca de reserva, 40 minutos, três sessões por semana (n=12); exercício aeróbio de alta intensidade (AI), intensidade de 80% a 85% da frequência cardíaca de reserva (n=12), com a duração ajustada para atingir o mesmo gasto energético que a IM e um grupo controle (GC) sem exercícios (n=10). Nos três grupos foram avaliadas variáveis da monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial de 24 horas (MAPA) antes e após as oito semanas de intervenção.RESULTADOS: Após a intervenção a pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) da vigília reduziu 10,1 mmHg (p=0,024) em AI e 9,7 mmHg (p=0,035) em IM e a pressão arterial diastólica (PAD) da vigília reduziu 12,3 mmHg (p=0,002) em AI e 8,4 mmHg (p<0,001) em IM. A PAS do sono reduziu 9,5 mmHg (p=0,004) apenas em AI e 9,8 mmHg (p=0,005) em IM. A PAD do sono reduziu 8,2 mmHg (p=0,006) em AI e 4,8 mmHg (p<0,007) em IM. As cargas pressóricas sistólicas e diastólicas da vigília e do sono reduziram-se significativamente apenas em AI.CONCLUSÃO: Treinamento físico aeróbio moderado e intenso com duração equalizada pelo gasto calórico tem efeito hipotensor semelhante em hipertensos. A carga pressórica reduziu apenas na AI, sendo assim intensidade-dependente.
Textile electrodes are an alternative to conventional silver-chloride electrodes in wearable systems. Their easy integration in garments and comfort provided to the user make them an interesting development of textile engineering. The potential of such electrodes to allow more unobtrusive data collection in health and sports context may enable the development of biosensing garments to be used in biomechanics. However, proper validation of the recorded signals is paramount, and few studies have yet presented consistent methodologies for textile-based electromyographic recordings. This study presents the validation of the electrical and morphological properties of electromyographic signals recorded with textile electrode, in comparison to conventional silver-chloride electrodes. Results indicate that both sets of electrodes have identical signal-to-noise ratios, but with distinct impedance frequency responses. Electromyographic envelope morphologies are also identical, although textile electrodes usually have lower amplitudes.
Physical growth and nutritional status are excellent health indicators since they permit the establishment of growth monitoring charts, especially for schoolchildren. The objective of this study was to compare the growth profile and nutritional status of schoolchildren between two samples (1997 and 2009). The data of physical growth and nutritional status obtained for the present sample of 645 schoolchildren (270 boys and 375 girls). The children were classified according to the body mass index (BMI)-for-age reference values of the WHO child growth standards. Although no significant differences in height or body weight were observed between the children studied, these variables tended to increase from the first to the second sample and in the two genders. With respect to the adequacy of BMI in boys, there was an increase in the percentage of children with low BMI-for-age, doubling of the percentage of obese children, and a reduction in the percentage of children with overweight. An increase in the number of subjects with low body weight, overweight and obesity and a decrease in the number of subjects with adequate BMI-for-age were noted among girls. In conclusion, there were no significant changes in the physical growth indicators (weight, height and BMI) over the period comprising the two samples (1997 and 2009). However, height, body weight and the number of subjects with risk of obesity and obesity tended to increase, especially among girls.