To investigate the location and anatomical structure of "Shaochong"(HT9), "Shaofu"(HT8), "Shenmen"(HT7), "Lingdao"(HT4) and "Shaohai"(HT3) in the rabbit's forelimb.Sixteen rabbits (half male and half female) were used in the present study. By referring to the national standards on the location of acupoints in the human body and the literature about the location of acupoints in the rabbit, and by using the method of comparative anatomy, the location and needling operation of the Five-shu acupoints of Shaoyin Heart Meridian on the rabbit's forelimb were defined, and these acupoints were needled and CT three-dimensional reconstruction were conducted. Then, the rabbits were killed, and intravascular perfusion was performed, followed by inserting acupuncture needles into these five acupoints for observing the anatomical relationship between the inserted acupuncture needle and the structure of surrounding tissues.HT9 is located at the medial side of the little finger of forelimb, about 1 mm beside the nail root, and is adjacent to the superficial flexor tendon of the finger, the dorsal branches of the proper palmar digital artery and vein, and the endings of dorsal branch of palmar digital proper nerve of the ulnar nerve on the fifth finger side. HT8 is located at the palm side of the forelimb, horizontally parallel to the proximal end of the 5th metacarpophalangeal joint and between the 4th and 5th metacarpal bones, and is adjacent to the lumbricalis, the 4th and 5th interossei, and common palmar digital artery and vein and the palmar digital proper nerve of the ulnar nerve. HT7 is located at the medial margin of the extensor carpal tendon on the ulnar side, between the distal end of the ulna and the ulnar carpal bone, and is adjacent to the tendons of flexor carpi ulnaris and extensor carpi ulnaris, ulnar artery, ulnar vein and ulnar nerve. HT4 is located at the medial border of the ulnar flexor tendon, about 1.5 cun superior to HT7, and is adjacent to extensor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, ulnar artery, vein and ulnar nerve. HT3 is located at the depression, medial to the condyle of humerus when the elbow is bent at 90°, its neighbor structure is composed of pronator teres, biceps brachii, brachial artery and vein, radial collateral artery, radial collateral vein, medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve and median nerve.In the rabbit, there is a close relationship between HT9, HT8, HT7, HT4 and HT3 regions and brachial vascular and its branches, cephalic vein and its branches, medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve, median nerve and ulnar nerve, which is the morphological basis of the Five-shu acupoints of Shaoyin Heart Meridian for treating some related clinical disorders.目的：探讨家兔前肢少阴经五输穴“少冲”“少府”“神门”“灵道”“少海”的定位及穴区形态结构。方法：家兔16只，雌雄各半。参考人体腧穴定位国家标准及家兔腧穴定位文献，运用比较解剖学的方法，明确家兔前肢少阴经五输穴的定位、针刺操作；然后针刺腧穴并进行穴区CT三维重建；再处死家兔行血管灌注，将针灸针分别刺入家兔前肢少阴经五输穴，解剖后观测针灸针与周围组织结构的关系。结果：“少冲”定位在前肢小指内侧，爪甲根角侧旁1 mm处；毗邻结构为指浅屈肌腱，第5指掌侧固有动、静脉背支，尺神经的指掌侧固有神经背支末梢。“少府”定位在前肢掌侧，横平第5掌指关节近端，第4、5掌骨间；毗邻结构为蚓状肌，第4、5指骨间肌，指掌侧总动、静脉和尺神经的指掌侧固有神经。“神门”定位在尺侧腕伸肌腱的内侧缘，当尺骨远端与尺腕骨之间；毗邻结构为尺侧腕屈肌腱、尺侧腕伸肌腱、尺动脉、尺静脉、尺神经。“灵道”定位在前肢掌侧，尺侧腕伸肌腱的内侧缘，“神门”上1.5寸；毗邻结构为尺侧腕伸肌、尺侧腕屈肌、指浅屈肌、指深屈肌、尺动脉、尺静脉、尺神经。“少海”定位在肘关节内侧，曲肘90°，臂骨内侧髁前方凹陷中；毗邻结构为旋前圆肌、臂二头肌、臂动脉、臂静脉、桡侧副动脉、桡侧副静脉、前臂内侧皮神经、正中神经。结论：家兔前肢少阴经五输穴与臂动脉及分支、臂静脉及属支、头静脉及属支、前臂内侧皮神经、正中神经和尺神经有密切关系, 这可能是上述5个腧穴的形态学基础。.
Abstract Designing highly efficient electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) plays a key role in the development of various renewable energy storage and conversion devices. In this work, we developed metallic Co 4 N porous nanowire arrays directly grown on flexible substrates as highly active OER electrocatalysts for the first time. Benefiting from the collaborative advantages of metallic character, 1D porous nanowire arrays, and unique 3D electrode configuration, surface oxidation activated Co 4 N porous nanowire arrays/carbon cloth achieved an extremely small overpotential of 257 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm −2 , and a low Tafel slope of 44 mV dec −1 in an alkaline medium, which is the best OER performance among reported Co‐based electrocatalysts to date. Moreover, in‐depth mechanistic investigations demonstrate the active phases are the metallic Co 4 N core inside with a thin cobalt oxides/hydroxides shell during the OER process. Our finding introduces a new concept to explore the design of high‐efficiency OER electrocatalysts.
Abstract Developing highly active catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is of paramount importance for designing various renewable energy storage and conversion devices. Herein, we report the synthesis of a category of Co‐Pi analogue, namely cobalt‐based borate (Co‐B i ) ultrathin nanosheets/graphene hybrid by a room‐temperature synthesis approach. Benefiting from the high surface active sites exposure yield, enhanced electron transfer capacity, and strong synergetic coupled effect, this Co‐B i NS/G hybrid shows high catalytic activity with current density of 10 mA cm −2 at overpotential of 290 mV and Tafel slope of 53 mV dec −1 in alkaline medium. Moreover, Co‐B i NS/G electrocatalysts also exhibit promising performance under neutral conditions, with a low onset potential of 235 mV and high current density of 14.4 mA cm −2 at 1.8 V, which is the best OER performance among well‐developed Co‐based OER electrocatalysts to date. Our finding paves a way to develop highly active OER electrocatalysts.
It is attractive to fabricate molds and dies using additive manufacturing (AM) technology because the increased freedom of design makes higher cooling efficiency possible. However, little is known so far about the thermal properties of the tool steels fabricated by AM, as well as how to balance between the thermal and mechanical properties. In this work, an H13 tool steel was processed by selective laser melting (SLM) followed by heat treatments and the thermal and mechanical properties in relation to microstructure were investigated. The as-built H13 showed lower thermal conductivities compared with conventional counterparts and exhibited anisotropy with a lower thermal conductivity along the building direction. Heat treatments generally increased the values of thermal conductivities and largely reduced anisotropy, but the final thermal conductivity differed when using different heat-treating schedules. It was found that porosity, retained austenite, the melt-pool structure and the ultra-fine cellular/columnar microstructure, which were functions of SLM and heat treating parameters, were factors determining the thermal conductivity of H13. Based on the present study of SLMed H13, it is proposed that a trade-off is necessary between thermal and mechanical properties when designing the processing route.
The main objective of this study was to prepare the levodopa/carbidopa compound drug resins and investigate affecting factors such as drug concentration, temperature, particle size. The drug resins were made by bath method and the effects of above factors during the process of preparation was studied. Studies on the stabilities of drugs and drug resins were carried out by HPLC. The Results showed that the preparation of drug resins was influenced by drug concentration, resin particle size, reaction temperature and solvent concentration. In certain conditions the degradation peaks were found in the chromatograms of levodopa and carbidopa while the drug-resins remained undegraded. The study indicates that the drug resin technology is an effective way of improving stability of the drug and possesses certain sustained-release effects.
SUMMARY The East China Sea (ECS) supports a highly productive fishery and is rich in biodiversity, but economic development in China and peripheral countries has led to intensifying anthropogenic impacts in the ECS. In response to this the Chinese government has introduced a range of marine spatial management measures. A spatial ecosystem model (Ecospace) of the ECS was developed to examine (1) the likely nature of trade-offs between fishery and conservation goals resulting from the marine protected areas (MPAs) and (2) possible trade-offs within the fishery sector resulting from the MPAs. The results suggest that overall the fishery has benefited from all of the simulated MPAs, whereas, although they defy categorical interpretation, effects of the MPAs on biodiversity and ecosystem structure are variable. Simultaneous application of several metrics of ecosystem status indicates that the perceived effect of an MPA on ecosystem status can depend on which metrics for ecosystem status are used, and how these metrics are interpreted. The simulations indicate that a fisheries and conservation outcome beneficial to all is possible, but not guaranteed, with the creation of an MPA. Total landings and profitability are predicted to have increased as a result of each of the MPAs, albeit at the cost of reduced landings and profits to some sectors of the fishery. This study demonstrates the benefits of the additional information relating to biodiversity, ecosystem structure and within fishery dynamics available from spatial ecosystem models compared to the single species models typically used to examine MPA effects. However, the use of a more complex ecosystem model introduces additional uncertainty in model interpretation.
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