Exosomes, a class of nanoscale extracellular vesicles, are widely distributed in biological cells and circulating fluids. Exosomes interact with recipient cells by releasing specific cargos. As a novel signaling pathway of intercellular communication, exosomes participate in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus by influencing islet β cells function, which involves autoimmune responses activation and increased apoptosis of islets β cells, and insulin sensitivity mediated by cytokine. Further researches on the role of exosomes in the pathogenesis of diabetes may provide a new idea for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes mellitus.
Key words:
Exosomes; Diabetes mellitus; Autoimmunity; Islet β cells
In order to efficiently determine genotypic differences in rooting patterns of crops, novel hardware and software are needed simultaneously to characterize dynamics of root development. We describe a prototype robotic monitoring platform—the RhizoChamber-Monitor for analyzing growth patterns of plant roots automatically. The RhizoChamber-Monitor comprises an automatic imaging system for acquiring sequential images of roots which grow on a cloth substrate in custom rhizoboxes, an automatic irrigation system and a flexible shading arrangement. A customized image processing software was developed to analyze the spatio-temporal dynamics of root growth from time-course images of multiple plants. This software can quantify overall growth of roots and extract detailed growth traits (e.g. dynamics of length and diameter) of primary roots and of individual lateral roots automatically. It can also identify local growth traits of lateral roots (pseudo-mean-length and pseudo-maximum-length) semi-automatically. Two cotton genotypes were used to test both the physical platform and the analysis software. The combination of hardware and software is expected to facilitate quantification of root geometry and its spatio-temporal growth patterns, and therefore to provide opportunities for high-throughput root phenotyping in support of crop breeding to optimize root architecture.
Objective
To investigate the expression and significance of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1)in the renal tissues of rabbits with urosepsis.
Methods
Male rabbits were randomly divided into two group:sham group and urosepsis group.The rabbit urosepsis model was established by artificial high pressure in the infected pelvis.The blood white blood cells(WBC)count,serum levels of blood urea nitrogen(BUN), creatinine(Cr), tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-6(IL-6), and the expression of HMGB1 mRNA in the renal tissues of the two groups were observed at 12th,24th and 36th h after operation.
Results
As compared with sham group, the WBC count[36 h(×109/L):17. 22±0. 32 vs.9. 54±0. 24], serum levels of BUN[36 h(mmol/L):11. 71±0. 35 vs.7. 14±0. 12]and Cr[36 h (μmol/L):136. 10±7. 39 vs.82. 74±2. 18]in urosepsis group were significantly increased at every time point(P< 0. 05). The serum levels of TNF-αand IL-6 were first increased and then decreased in urosepsis group as compared with sham group at 12th h[TNF-α(ng/L): 124. 6±4. 42 vs.18. 18± 1. 26; IL-6(ng/L):120. 5±6. 99 vs.51. 65±2. 26] and 24 h[TNF-α(ng/L): 96. 94±7. 95 vs. 19. 04±0. 89; IL-6(ng/L):83. 22±4. 23 vs.53. 95±2. 26].The expression of HMGB1 mRNA was gradually increased from 12th to 36th h in urosepsis group as compared with sham group at the same time point(P<0. 05).
Conclusion
In the progression of acute kidney injury induced by urosepsis, the expression of HMGB1 mRNA was gradually increased in renal tissues.
Key words:
Urosepsis; High mobility group box 1; Acute kidney injury; Inflammatory factor
Objective
A novel tumor suppressor gene (TSG) CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing member 3 (CMTM3) is reduced or undetectable in many kinds of cancers and relates tumor malignant features. We detected its role in prostate cancer for possibility of target therapy as accumulating evidence has shown that CMTM3 is a promising TSG for gene therapy.
It is widely accepted that immunoglobulin (Ig), the classical immune molecule, is extensively expressed in many cell types other than B-cells (non-B-IgG), including some malignant cells. The expression of Ig in malignant cells has been associated with a poor prognosis. In the present study, immunohistochemical analysis detected strong positive staining of IgG in three bladder cancer cell lines, the cancer cells in 77 bladder cancer patient samples and the cells in 3 cystitis glandularis tissue samples, while negative staining was observed in 4 specimens of normal transitional epithelial tissues. Importantly, functional transcripts of IgG with unique V
To observe the effects of CMTM2 on cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced reproductive toxicity and the expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein in the transgenic mouse model.Twenty CMTM2 transgenic mice were equally divided into a CMTM2 + CP and a CMTM2 + NS group, the former intraperitoneally injected with CP at 50 mg per kg per d, while the latter with the equivalent dose of normal saline, both for 7 days. Another 20 wild C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to a WT + CP and a WT + NS group, treated the same way above. After 30 days, all the mice were sacrificed and their epididymides and testes removed for measurement of the serum testosterone level by radioimmunoassay, determination of sperm concentration and motility by light microscopy and detection of the expression of StAR by Western blot.The levels of serum testosterone, sperm concentration and sperm motility were significantly decreased in the CMTM2 + CP group as compared with the CMTM2 + NS group ([42.98 +/- 3.25] nmol/L vs [46.74 +/- 3.38] nmol/L, [16.89 +/- 1.17 ] x 10(6)/ml vs [24.68 +/- 0.95 ] x 10(6)/ml, [72.75 +/- 1.25]% vs [85.14 +/- 1.12]%, P < 0.05), but remarkably less than in the WT + CP group ([37.97 +/- 4.17] nmol/L, [12.75 +/- 1.02] x 10(6)/ml, [50.52 +/- 1.37] %) (P < 0.05). However, the expression of StAR was significantly higher in the CMTM2 + CP than in the WT + CP group (1.16 +/- 0.07 vs 0.69 +/- 0.08, P < 0.05).CMTM2 antagonizes cyclophosphamide-induced reproductive toxicity via regulating the expression of StAR, and hence plays a protective role in the reproductive system.
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