Abstract Citarum River plays an important role in various sectors both domestic and economic for residents along the Citarum River Basin. The different source of wastewater from 400 industries disposes their wastewater directly to the Citarum River, which is predominantly dominated by the textile industry. Those industrial activities generate hazardous heavy metals such as Cr(VI) which can degrade the quality of the river. In this research, we will conduct a treatment on series of Cr(VI) containing surface water to meet the drinking standard of raw water. Zeolite-FeO is synthesized from natural zeolite in Sukabumi, and then impregnated with FeO, characterized using XRD and the result shows that iron oxide precisely hematite (α-Fe 2 O 3 ) successfully impregnated into the zeolite. The Zeolite-FeO then modified with sucrose to give positively charged on the surface by the contribution of carbon. The adsorption process is carried out in batch with artificial waste containing Cr 2 O 7 2- to obtain the optimum conditions such as the effect of time, pH and initial concentrations. From the adsorption experiment, the result shows the highest efficiency removal is 70,72% at pH 2 for 45 minutes by Zeolite-FeO-Sucrose.
Produced water generated during oil and gas exploration and drilling, consists of many chemicals which used in drilling process. The production of produced water is over three fold of the oil production. The water-cut has increased over time and continues to do so because the fraction of oil in the reservoir decreases and it is more difficult to get the oil out from an old oil-field. It therefore requires more sea water to be injected in order to force the oil out; hence more produced water is generated. Produced water can pollute the environment if it is not treated properly. In this research, produced water will be treated biologically using bacterial consortium which is isolated from petroleum processing facility with Molecular Imprinted Hydrogel Polymer (MIHP) for microbial immobilization media. Microbial growth rate is determined by measuring the MLVSS and hydrogel mass, also by SEM-EDS analysis. SEM-EDS analysis is an analysis to evidence the presence of microbe trapped in hydrogel, and also to determine the types and weight of the molecules of hydrogel. From this research, suspended microbial growth rate was found at 0.1532/days and attached microbial growth rate was 0.3322/days. Furthermore, based on SEM analysis, microbe is entrapped inside the hydrogel. Effectiveness of microbial degradation activity was determined by measuring organic materials as COD. Based on COD measurement, degradation rate of organic materials in wastewater is 0.3089/days, with maximum COD removal efficiency of 76.67%.
The massive operation of oil mining activities sometimes ignores environmental aspects which may cause contamination in soil and environment. Low-permeability soil oil contamination complicates the recovery process because it requires substantial energy for excavating and crushing the soil. Electrokinetic technology can be used as an alternative technology to treat soil in-situ and improve bioremediation process (biostimulation) through transfer of ions and nutrient that support microorganism growth. This study was conducted using a combination of electrokinetic and bioremediation processes with polarity reversal techniques. Result shows that the application of electrochemistry and bioremediation in low permeability soils can provide hydrocarbon removal efficiency up to 46,3% in 7 days operation. The highest amount of microorganism can be found in 3-days operation, around 2x10^8 CFU/ml using surfactant as flushing agent for solubilizing hydrocarbon molecules. Enhancing bioremediation using electrokinetic process is very potential to recover oil contaminated low permeability soil in the future. (This paper has been presented in ICENIS 2017 which held in Diponegoro University in August 2017. Paper will be published in Advanced Science Letter Scopus Indexed.)
Abstract In Indonesia, several leachate treatments were operated with most of the treatments are using conventional anaerobic lagoon system in pre-treatment section. However, most of the treatments still have low organic removal efficiency. In several studies, removal efficiency could be increased through several modifications inside the pond and one of them is by using mixing addition. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare leachate organic removal efficiency by using mixing and without using mixing modification. This research used 3 kinds of Circulating Anaerobic Reactor (CAR) where 0.5 kg/m3∙day Organic Loading Rate (OLR) in reactor-1 (with mixing) and reactor-3 (without mixing) and 1.0 kg/m3∙day OLR in reactor-2 (with mixing) were operated inside the reactor. From the results, the organic removal efficiency in reactor-1 was 81.82%, reactor-2 was 82.22%, and reactor-3 was 41.67%. It can be proven that leachate organic removal efficiency was possible to be increased with the addition of mixing inside the treatment system. Keywords: Circulating Anaerobic Reactor; leachate; mixing; organic loading; removal efficiency Abstrak PENGARUH BEBAN ORGANIK DAN PENGADUKAN TERHADAP PENYISIHAN COD LINDI TERSTABILISASI DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN CIRCULATING ANAEROBIC REACTOR. Di Indonesia, pengolahan lindi dioperasikan dengan sebagian besar pengolahan menggunakan sistem kolam anaerobik konvensional pada bagian pre-treatment. Akan tetapi, sebagian besar pengolahan masih memiliki penyisihan organik yang rendah. Dalam beberapa penelitian, efisiensi penyisihan dapat ditingkatkan melalui beberapa modifikasi di dalam kolam dan salah satunya adalah dengan menggunakan pengadukan. Oleh karena itu, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan efisiensi penyisihan organik lindi dengan menggunakan pengadukan dan tanpa menggunakan pengadukan. Pada penelitian ini digunakan 3 jenis Circulating Anaerobic Reactor (CAR) dimana reaktor tersebut dioperasikan dengan Organic Loading Rate (OLR) sebesar 0,5 kg/m3∙hari di dalam reaktor-1 (dengan pengadukan) dan reaktor-3 (tanpa pengadukan) dan OLR sebesar 1,0 kg/m3∙hari dalam reaktor -2 (dengan pengadukan). Dari hasil penelitian, efisiensi penyisihan organik di dalam reaktor-1 adalah sebesar 81,82%, reaktor-2 sebesar 82,22%, dan reaktor-3 sebesar 41,67%. Melalui hal tersebut, dapat dibuktikan bahwa efisiensi penyisihan organik pada lindi memungkinkan untuk ditingkatkan dengan penambahan pengadukan di dalam sistem pengolahan. Kata kunci: Circulating Anaerobic Reactor; lindi; pengadukan; beban organic; efisiensi penyisihan
Pollution of organic compounds in rivers is generally contributed by wastewater discharge from human activities e.g. untreated black- & greywater, livestock farming, and industry. Without proper control of this waste generation, the river ecosystem will suffer if just rely on its self-purification and dilution by natural runoff to reduce the downstream effect. This research aimed to treat organic wastewater with an immobilized mixed bacterial culture. Immobilization was carried out using calcium alginate in a form of macrocapsule/beads, allowing the degrader microbe to be entrapped in its matrix thus preventing it from washout from the system. 3% (w/v) sodium alginate was mixed with 5 mg (dry) mixed culture and dropwise on 4% (w/v) calcium chloride solution. The results showed that immobilized microbes were still able to grow despite being entangled in a calcium alginate matrix with an initial growth of 6.1 x 105 to 7.4 x 107 colonies/grams and reduced COD content up to 68.3%. Degrader microbe immobilization offers considerable advantages compared to free/ suspended cell system due to the influence of river water flow.
Abstract Aluminum is a metal that is used in many products because of its good conducting properties. However, in the production process, aluminum is not obtained easily but through a long process. In aluminum smelting process, wastewater that is produced indicates the existence of pollutants as determined by several indicators of water pollution, one of which is cyanide that will threaten human and environmental health if not treated properly. This study was conducted to determine the optimal dose of ferrous sulfate to remove cyanide, the precipitation and filtration process efficiency in reducing cyanide, and its effect on pH of wastewater. Data were collected from an aluminum smelting company, and experiments were conducted in the laboratory. Based on results, ferrous sulfate dose of 93 mg/l is the most optimal dose in removing cyanide with an efficiency of 58.74±0.51%, while filtration process provides an efficiency of 81.65±0.42%. Precipitation with ferrous sulfate makes pH value of wastewater decrease, but filtration process increases the value again. Throughout the whole process, cyanide can be reduced by a combination of precipitation and filtration process with the efficiency of 92.43±0.26% and an average final effluent concentration of 0.78 mg/L from an initial concentration of 10.3 mg/L.
Arsenic (As) is naturally present in the lithosphere (earth crusts, soil, rock and sediment) and hydrosphere (surface water, aquifers, deep wells, and oceans). It can exist in the groundwater from the weathering process of rocks which caused a high concentration of As in groundwater and increased risk of health when consuming the contaminated water. To reduce this risk, As standard in drinking water was set by WHO and Indonesia's drinking water standard of 0,01 mg/L. In this study, arsenic contaminated water treatment is carried out using advanced oxidation process ZnO/UV photocatalytic. The immobilized ZnO nanoparticle catalyst coated onto a ceramic plate by dip coating method. Kinetic study was performed in a batch reactor with artificial ground water using sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) at pH 4, 7, and 10 with initial concentration of arsenic set aside at 1 mg/L, 3 mg/L, and 5 mg/L. ZnO was irradiated by UV-C light (λ = 265 nm) for photocatalysis of arsenite As (III) oxidation into arsenate As(V) for 2 hours. Removal efficiency using ZnO/UV photocatalysis for arsenic total (99,99% of 1 mg/L, 83,25% of 3 mg/L, and 51,82% of 5 mg/L) and for As (III) (99,99% of 1 mg/L, 96,34% of 3 mg/L, and 77,73% of 5 mg/L) in acidic condition. Data analysis in the study used the AAS method to calculate the value of the total arsenic concentration tested and the colorimetric spectrophotometer method to calculate the value of As (III) and to determine the absorb of ceramic plate coated ZnO. The characteristics of ceramic plate immobilized ZnO nanoparticles is analyzed by SEM-EDS. ZnO nanoparticles coated onto ceramic plate surfaces is 80,65% (5,5 mg/cm2). This study was conducted to determine the optimum dose of catalyst used to oxidize As (III) to As (V) and the capacity of the immobilized ceramic plate catalyst in adsorbing arsenic compounds in solution which was then presented in the final research report.
Increased environmental contamination leads to a progressive decline in environmental quality. Probiotics play a role as remediation agents which are expected to be able to help the host in responding to environmental changes. Probiotics are live microbial feed supplements that favorably affect host (humans, animals, plants) by increasing the balance of intestinal microbes. Probiotics are used in livestock/aquaculture to improve growth performance through improved utilization of nutrients, reducing disease, also developing the immune system. In addition to feed supplements, certain types of probiotics act as bioremediation or decomposing agents of hazardous substances. The bioremediation system is the use of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, yeast, and algae) or microbial products to degrade, reduce, or remove pollutants in the environment although in some cases plants are also utilized for this purpose called phytoremediation. When bioremediation occurs, enzymes produced by microorganisms modify toxic pollutants by changing the chemical structure of pollutants. This event is called biotransformation. In many cases, biotransformation leads to biodegradation, when toxic pollutants are degraded, the structure becomes simpler, and ultimately becomes harmless and non-toxic metabolites, that called mineralization.
Industri tekstil dalam proses manufakturnya, membutuhkan air dalam jumlah yang sangat banyak dimana kurang lebih 70% dari air proses tersebut akan berubah menjadi air limbah. Limbah cair industri tekstil diketahui mengandung senyawa warna yang sulit terdegradasi sehingga dapat menyebabkan permasalahan nilai estetika di badan air penerima, membahayakan keanekaragaman hayati dan mengandung bahan toksik dan karsinogenik yang mengganggu kesehatan manusia dan makhluk hidup lainnya. Kebanyakan industri tekstil di Kawasan Bandung membuang air limbahnya ke Sungai Citarum Hulu yang mengandung zat warna berupa zat warna azo. Salah satu teknologi pengolahan lanjutan untuk dekolorisasi warna adalah Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) dengan ozon (O3) yang mampu dekolorisasi limbah efluen tekstil. Proses ozonasi dilakukan pada reaktor bervolume 16 L secara batch pada zat warna Reactive Black 5 (RB5), Reactive Yellow (RY), dan Reactive Blue (RB) dengan variasi konsentrasi 5 mg/L, 10 mg/L, 15 mg/L dan variasi dosis ozon 7,44 mg/menit dan 22,32 mg/menit. Dekolorisasi warna RB5, RY, dan RB di variasi konsentrasi 5 mg/L dan 10 mg/L mencapai 100% pada dosis ozon sebesar 22,32 mg/menit. Dekolorisasi warna pada variasi konsentrasi warna 15 mg/L dengan variasi dosis ozon 22,32 mg/menit untuk RB5 99,77% sedangkan RY dan RB mencapai 100%. Hasil konsentrasi ozon terlarut yang terukur rendah menunjukkan bahwa ozon telah bereaksi dan mengoksidasi senyawa-senyawa organik yang terkandung dalam limbah. Penyisihan COD terbesar didapatkan pada reaktor dengan variasi dosis ozon 22,32 mg/menit, yaitu mencapai 100%. Hasil percobaan dekolorisasi warna azo yang terbaik berturut-turut adalah RB>RY>RB5.
Abstract The interests of ozonation has increased significantly in recent years and today the ozonation is used in other steps in the drinking water treatment process. Ozonation has been used in the refill drinking water depot in the region of Indonesia for several years as disinfection at the end of the drinking water treatment process. Except for the disinfection, ozone has other benefits such as oxidation of iron and manganese, micro flocculation, reduction of taste and odour and it is also effective to reduce the water colour. The micro flocculation leads to the fact that less or no coagulants need to be used in the process. This study started with a lab scale experiments on ozonation and filtration of raw drinking water taken from shallow well followed by examination in the pilot plant. Research result showed the removal efficiency for organics, iron, manganese, and turbidity is up to 75 %; 98 %; 85 %; and 98 % respectively. All the parameter is comply with the drinking water standard regulated by Indonesia Ministry of Health No. 492/Menkes/PER/IV/2010. Disinfection capability of ozone against microorganisms will be reported in the full paper.
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