Abstract Adolescence is a developmental period characterized by heightened reward sensitivity which, in turn, confers risk for pertinent negative outcomes, underscoring the need to better understand biological bases and behavioral correlates of reward responsiveness during this developmental phase. Our goals in the current study were to examine, in a sample of 43 typically developing adolescents ( M age = 15.67 years; SD = 1.01; 32.6% boys), (1) evidence of convergent validity between neural and self‐report reward responsiveness, (2) associations between neural reward responsiveness and self‐report dispositional affectivity and emotion dysregulation (ED) and (3) evidence of incremental validity of self‐report beyond neural reward responsiveness in predicting affectivity and ED. During electroencephalography (EEG), adolescents completed two experimental paradigms probing event‐related potential (ERP) indices of reward anticipation and initial responsiveness to reward attainment. Following EEG, they completed self‐report measures of reward responsiveness, affectivity, and ED. Findings indicated some evidence of convergent validity between enhanced ERP indices of reward anticipation and initial response to reward and greater reinforcement sensitivity; that ERP indices of both reward responsiveness aspects predicted lower negative affectivity and less ED; and evidence of incremental validity of self‐report beyond neural reward responsiveness in predicting outcomes. Results underscore the utility of a multi‐method framework in assessing adolescent reward responsiveness and support the relevance of reward responsiveness in explaining individual differences in dispositional affectivity and ED.
Az ún. salutogenezis modell olyan keretet kínál, amelyben a koherencia élmény bevezetésével lehetőség nyílik az „egész”-ség dinamikus értelmezésére. Vizsgálatunkban a Richard Rahe-féle, az „élet értelme” koherencia kérdőív összefüggéseit vizsgáltuk az egészségi állapottal. A Hungarostudy 2002 felmérés a 18 évesnél idősebb magyar népességet életkor, nem és terület szerint képviseli. 12 640 személlyel vettünk fel otthoni interjút. Az így vizsgált koherencia mutatót az egészségi állapot igen fontos előrejelzőjének találtuk. Ha az adatokat életkor, nem és iskolázottság szerint korrigáltuk, az egészségi állapot önbecslése mintegy 10-szer, a munkaképesség 8-szor jobb, a depresszió valószínűsége 7-szer alacsonyabb volt. Az „élet értelme” mutató igen szoros kapcsolatban áll az önhatékonysággal, a problémaorientált megbirkózással, a társas támogatással, ezzel szemben kevésbé függ az iskolázottságtól, az életkortól és a nemtől.
Objectives: To delineate task-free gamma activity in adult ADHD and healthy control subjects based on high-density EEG recordings. Relationship of gamma activity with symptom severity was also examined, since gamma activity is considered as an index of network functions in the brain that underlie higher-order cognitive processes. Methods: Spontaneous-EEG was recorded in adult ADHD subjects (N = 42;25 methylphenidate-naïve and 17 on methylphenidate treatment) and controls (N = 59) with eyes open. EEG absolute power gamma was investigated in the gamma1(30.25-39Hz) and gamma2(39.25-48Hz) frequency bands. Results: Gamma1 and gamma2 activity was diminished in ADHD compared healthy control subjects. The difference between ADHD and controls was the most pronounced in the right centroparietal region for both gamma1 and gamma2. Inverse associations were found between gamma1 and gamma2 activity and ADHD symptoms in centroparietal scalp regions. Conclusions: Gamma activity is reduced in adult ADHD, and the reduction has a predominantly right centroparietal distribution. Our findings are consistent with childhood ADHD literature with respect to diminished posterior gamma activity in patients, which may reflect altered dorsal attention network functions. Gamma abnormalities might provide a link between neurophysiological functioning and neuropsychological deficiencies, thereby offering an opportunity to investigate the neurobiological mechanisms that underlie the clinical symptoms of ADHD.
Abstract Understanding atypicalities in ADHD brain correlates is a step towards better understanding ADHD etiology. Efforts to map atypicalities at the level of brain structure have been hindered by the absence of normative reference standards. Recent publication of brain charts allows for assessment of individual variation relative to age- and sex-adjusted reference standards and thus estimation not only of case-control differences but also of intraindividual prediction. Methods. Aim was to examine, whether brain charts can be applied in a sample of adolescents ( N = 140, 38% female) to determine whether atypical brain subcortical and total volumes are associated with ADHD at-risk status and severity of parent-rated symptoms, accounting for self-rated anxiety and depression, and parent-rated oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) as well as motion. Results. Smaller bilateral amygdala volume was associated with ADHD at-risk status, beyond effects of comorbidities and motion, and smaller bilateral amygdala volume was associated with inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity, beyond effects of comorbidities except for ODD symptoms, and motion. Conclusions. Individual differences in amygdala volume meaningfully add to estimating ADHD risk and severity. Conceptually, amygdalar involvement is consistent with behavioral and functional imaging data on atypical reinforcement sensitivity as a marker of ADHD-related risk. Methodologically, results show that brain chart reference standards can be applied to address clinically informative, focused and specific questions.
Abstract The association between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and low-grade inflammation has been explored in children but rarely in adults. Inflammation is characteristic of some, but not all, patients with ADHD and might be influenced by ADHD medication but also lifestyle factors including nutrition, smoking, and stress. It is also still unclear if any specific symptoms are related to inflammation. Therefore, we assessed 96 inflammatory proteins in a deeply pheno-typed cohort of 126 adult ADHD participants with a stable medication status using OLINK technology. A data-based, unsupervised hierarchical clustering method could identify two distinct biotypes within the 126 ADHD participants based on their inflammatory profile: a higher inflammatory potential (HIP) and a lower inflammatory protein potential (LIP) group. Biological processes that differed strongest between groups were related to the NF-κB pathway, chemokine signaling, IL-17 signaling, metabolic alterations, and chemokine attraction. A comparison of psychological characteristics revealed that the HIP group was more likely to have higher levels of chronic stress (p < 0.001), a higher clinical global impression scale score (p = 0.030), and a higher risk for suicide (p = 0.032). Medication status did not influence protein levels significantly (p ≥ 0.074), but psychotropic co-medication (p ≤ 0.009) did. In conclusion, our data suggest the presence of two distinct biotypes in adults with ADHD. Higher levels of inflammatory proteins in ADHD are linked to higher levels of chronic perceived stress in a linear fashion. Further research on inflammation in adults with ADHD should take stress levels into account.
mechanizmusok, a kognitiv funkciok es a pszichoszocialis behatasok kozotti osszefuggeseket vizsgaltuk. Elsősorban a neuregulin 1 (NRG1) es az AKT kaszkad korrelatumaira voltunk kivancsiak. Kimutattuk az NRG1 kockazati genotipusa (pszichozis konverzio magas kockazatu allapotbol) es az intenziv negativ erzelmi kornyezet (expressed emotion) kozotti kapcsolatot. Az NRG1 altal aktivalt AKT foszforilacio osszefuggott a betegseghez tarsulo szenzoros kapuzasi zavarral (P50 habituacio) es a hippocampus szerkezetevel. E mechanizmusok egeszseges szemelyek koreben osszefuggtek a delusiv tendenciakkal es a habituacioval. Az NRG1-gyen felul kimutattuk a ZNF804 kapcsolatat a figyelmi funkciokkal, az FMRP pedig az elemi vizualis jelfeldolgozassal korrelalt (utalas a fragilis X szindroma es a szkizofrenia osszefuggesere). A tarsas műkodesek zavara interperszonalis tranzakciok alatt redukalodott oxytocin felszabadulassal tarsult, amely a negativ tunetek jelentős varianciajat magyarazta, es elettani szinten a habituacioval fuggott ossze. Csokkent habituaciot es abnormalis inger-jutalom kapcsolatokat talaltunk dopamin agonistakat szedő Parkinson-koros betegeknel, amely korrelalt a pszichozis-jellegű szubklinikai tunetekkel. Vegul adatokat nyertunk a pszichologiai trauma es a szkizofrenia kapcsolatarol, kimutatva, hogy ez rosszabb neuropszichologiai teljesitmennyel tarsul, mig a vizualis jelfeldolgozast nem erinti. | We investigated the relationship among the molecular mechanisms of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, neurocognition, and psychosocial functions. We focused on the correlates of neuregulin 1 (NRG1)-induced AKT phosphorylation. Results indicated that the risk genotype of NRG1 (psychosis conversion from high risk states) influences reaction to harsh interpersonal criticism (expressed emotion). NRG1-induced AKT activation correlated with sensory gating (P50) habituation and structural anomalies of the hippocampus. In non-clinical individuals, these mechanisms were related to delusive tendencies and habituation. Beyond NRG1, we obtained data on the relationship of attentional functions and ZFN804, as well as the relationship between early visual processing and FMRP (a potential link to fragile X syndrome). Impairments in psychosocial functions were associated with decreased oxytocin release during interpersonal interactions, which explained a major portion of variance in negative symptoms, and it was related to habituation. Less habituation/aberrant stimulus-reward associations were present as an effect of dopamine agonists and striatal deficits in Parkinson’s patients, which were related to psychosis-like features. Finally, we studied the role of psychological trauma in schizophrenia and found that it is associated with worse neuropsychological functions but unaltered early visual processing.
Abstract Decreased gamma activity has been reported both in children and adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, while ADHD is a lifelong neurodevelopmental disorder, our insight into the associations of spontaneous gamma band activity with age is limited, especially in adults. Therefore, we conducted an explorative study to investigate trajectories of resting gamma activity in adult ADHD patients ( N = 42) versus matched healthy controls ( N = 59). We investigated the relationship of resting gamma activity (30–48 Hz) with age in four right hemispheric electrode clusters where diminished gamma power in ADHD had previously been demonstrated by our group. We found significant non-linear association between resting gamma power and age in the lower frequency gamma 1 range (30–39 Hz) in ADHD as compared to controls in all investigated locations. Resting gamma 1 increased with age and was significantly lower in ADHD than in control subjects from early adulthood. We found no significant association between gamma activity and age in the gamma 2 range (39–48 Hz). Alterations of gamma band activity might reflect altered cortical network functioning in adult ADHD relative to controls. Our results reveal that abnormal gamma power is present at all ages, highlighting the lifelong nature of ADHD. Nonetheless, longitudinal studies are needed to confirm our results.
Abstract Background Increased levels of emotion dysregulation and impulsive behavior are overlapping symptoms in adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (aADHD) and Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), both symptom domains reflecting on inhibitory control, although from different angles. Our aims were to describe their differences in the above conditions, investigate their associations with childhood traumatization, and to explore the potential mediation of emotion dysregulation and impulsivity between childhood traumas and personality functioning. Methods Young adults between 18 and 36 years diagnosed with aADHD ( n = 100) and BPD ( n = 63) were investigated with structured clinical interviews, while age-matched healthy controls ( n = 100) were screened for psychiatric disorders. Patients with aADHD-BPD comorbidity were excluded from further analyses. The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, the Level of Personality Functioning Scale, and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form were administered to investigate trait measures and childhood traumatization, respectively. Behavioral impulsivity and delay aversion were assessed using selected tests of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery, and a computerized decision-making paradigm based on the Rogers decision-making task, respectively. Results Significantly higher levels of emotion dysregulation and impulsivity were present both in the aADHD and BPD groups, however with different profiles. Waiting and stopping impulsivity was selectively higher among aADHD patients compared to healthy controls. The BPD group reported higher levels of emotion dysregulation in all domains, and demonstrated increased delay aversion among uncertain conditions in decision-making. Higher levels of childhood trauma were associated with emotion dysregulation, trait impulsivity, and delay aversion across groups. Emotion regulatory capacity played a significant mediating role between childhood traumatization and the level of personality functioning. Conclusions Inhibitory control profiles of the aADHD and BPD groups were divergent. Childhood traumatization was associated with lower levels of personality functioning in adulthood, independently of diagnosis, an effect mediated more by emotion dysregulation, rather than impulsivity. These findings have various clinical implications for the treatment of aADHD and BPD, including psychoeducation, pharmacological interventions, and psychotherapy targeting specific symptom domains.
Who was actually the director of the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry at Balassa Street, for a long time also referred to as the Moravcsik Clinic? A polymath, a genius, or rather a knight of fortune who wanted to draw attention to himself by building a clinic for himself? We looked into this on the occasion of his death anniversary. How did he get from the head of the department to the founding of the Psychiatry and Neurology Clinic? He dreamed up every corner of the Department, which was the most impressive and patient-friendly clinic of its time even in European terms. The building was not only used for the recovery of patients, but also for the continuous medical training of doctors. His books and publications stand out from his work. Analyzing his school-creating activities, we can see that his students became famous psychiatrists. From the descriptions left by his contemporaries, it is clear that he was characterized by goodness and love. He could rejoice at the recovery of one of his patients as if he himself had been the lucky one. His correspondence with his most unique colleague, József Brenner, i.e. the writer Géza Csáth, can be found in the archives. The Moravcsik Foundation, a non-profit organization for psychiatric care, preserves his name to this day and nurtures his intellectual heritage.
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