L'objectif de la politique des dechets est d'accroitre le recyclage et de n'accepter que les ultimes detritus dans les decharges. Pour arriver a cela, de nombreux equipements de recyclage vont etre necessaires et une operation d'amenagement des decharges va egalement etre imposee. De nouvelles installations modernisees opereront ainsi sur une plus grande echelle. Le succes de cette politique dependra largement de l'attitude et des comportements domestiques. Aussi, une enquete a ete menee sur Paris et sa banlieue. Les comportements face a la collecte et au recyclage des dechets ont ete etudies, puis les personnes ont du s'exprimer sur la participation financiere maximale qu'elles etaient pretes a accorder pour ameliorer la situation actuelle. Enfin, on leur a demande de voter pour l'un des cinq types d'incinerateur, ayant chacun un niveau de pollution, de controle et un cout particulier, le premier etant celui ordinairement utilise, sans ajout d'impot. Il n'y a pas eu de refus de repondre a la question sur la participation financiere, mais 34% des sondes ont repondu refuser cette participation, et les bas-revenus plus encore que les autres. Ce point est corrobore par l'influence de l'education, en effet la probabilite d'une reponse positive augmente avec le niveau d'education. Selon les theories economiques, l'accord de participation financiere augmente avec les revenus. De meme pour l'âge, les personnes de moins de quarante ans acceptent de payer plus facilement que les autres. Les personnes souffrant de maux de tete, de sinusites et d'irritation de la gorge sont pretes a payer un montant relativement eleve. L'examen des votes montre que la plupart des personnes preferent la meilleure technologie disponible et sont pretes a payer en consequence. Actuellement, les municipalites ne suivent pas cette tendance, car elles choisissent les technologies bon marche qui repondent aux exigences minimales de la loi.
The current situation of the monetary valuation of air pollution mortality is reviewed, with particular attention to the valuation of a gain in life expectancy (LE) achievable by a reduction of ambient pollution. This paper presents exploratory research centered around the application in France of a contingent valuation (CV) questionnaire developed by Krupnick et al [2002] which has been applied in the USA, Canada, Japan, and more recently in France, Italy and the UK. The original version was administered to 300 individuals, but by contrast to the application elsewhere, in France an open question was added after each set of bids and at the end of the questionnaire the WTPs (willingness-to-pay) were recalled to give the respondents the opportunity to correct their values. In addition several variants were tested on samples of about 50 each, including variants phrased in terms of LE gain. All the interviews (self-administered with a computer) were followed by written debriefing, and for the LE gain variants by face-to-face debriefing and discussions in groups of three or four, in order to better understand the perception of the questionnaire and the reasons for the responses. The results are used to provide estimates for the value of statistical life (VSL) and for the value of a life year (VOLY): they range from 0.4 to 4.1 M€ for VSL and from 0.021 to 0.206 M€ for VOLY. The WTP for a risk reduction between the ages of 70 and 80 yields a time preference rate of about 2% for mortality. However, the most important results are not the numbers but the lessons learned by debriefing and by the variants of the questionnaire. The wide scatter of the results is a reflection of the enormous difficulties that the respondents have in understanding risk reductions and replying to the WTP (willingness-to-pay) question. Thanks to the open question it was possible to measure the bias due to the starting bid: it is very large, on the order of 50% for the bids that were used. Thus the recommendation of the NOAA Panel on contingent valuation, that only the closed question should be used, is not appropriate for small risk reductions.
In this paper, we try to evaluate the benefits of biodiversity restoration in the southwest of France, along the Garonne river. This particular riparian forest has been studied extensively by a group of ecologists belonging to the CNRS (National Centre for Scientific Research) in Toulouse. A contingent valuation method was applied. A representative sample of 402 persons living in the surrounding region (the departements Tarn-et-Garonne and Haute-Garonne) was asked in face-to-face interviews about their willingness-to-pay for the restoration programme. Even if these persons are familiar with the good to value because they live close to the river bank (less than 30 km), it appears that they adopt a donation attitude more than a transaction attitude. Moreover, an open-ended question seems preferable to a close-ended question, in contrast to the recommendations made by the American administration.
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