Journal Article Effect of Threecornered Alfalfa Hopper (Homoptera: Membracidae) Feeding on Translocation and Nitrogen Fixation in Soybeans Get access Patrick M. Hicks, Patrick M. Hicks 1 Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 1Dept. of Agronomy, Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge. Present address: Dept. of Agronomy, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA 50010. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Paula Levin Mitchell, Paula Levin Mitchell Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Edward P. Dunigan, Edward P. Dunigan Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar L. D. Newsom, L. D. Newsom Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Patrick K. Bollich Patrick K. Bollich Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 77, Issue 5, 1 October 1984, Pages 1275–1277, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/77.5.1275 Published: 01 October 1984 Article history Received: 24 February 1984 Accepted: 29 May 1984 Published: 01 October 1984
A review of Acanthocephala of America north of Mexico is presented with an updated key to species. A. confraterna is considered a junior synonym of A. terminalis, thus reducing the number of known species in this region from five to four. New state and country records are presented.
Summary Large neglected pollards are widespread but occur especially in wood-pastures where lopping ceased 50–150 years ago. They are of considerable nature conservation and historical interest and successful repollarding would prolong their lives while new pollards are established. The success of repollarding varies with species. Hornbeam, ash and willow are usually successful, oak is variable and beech very often dies. Several tips appear to increase the chances of success: repollard after Christmas; leave branch stubs; choose rough-barked trees; and leave one branch on for a year, especially on beech. New pollards can be created successfully on small, young trees (up to 15 cm diameter at breast height, or up to 15 years old). Recommendations include: plan a strategy for repollarding and creating new pollards; try the tips suggested; keep records so that methods can be refined. Further research should involve detailed monitoring of results where repollarding is carried out and a trial of methods at Epping Forest.
The antifeedant activity of Neemix 4.5 EC, a commercial formulation of azadirachtin from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss), was tested against adult Nezara viridula (L.) in the laboratory using a cowpea pod-dip method. A toxicity assay was conducted by dipping fourth-instar nymphs. Feeding by adults was significantly reduced in treated pods compared with controls, based on counts of salivary deposits on pod surfaces, inside pod walls and on seeds. The antifeedant effect of azadirachtin was significantly greater on pods treated with 5% aqueous solution than on those treated with 0.5%, indicating that the antifeedant activity was related to concentration. Bugs were initially repelled by Neemix before approaching treated pods to feed. The LC50 for nymphs was 61% (27450 ppm azadirachtin) at 2 d and ranged from 1.8 to 6.2% (810 to 2790 ppm) at 5 d post-treatment, which indicated that neem was slow acting. Sublethal treatment of nymphs disrupted molting and caused morphological defects in adults. Development time to adulthood also was prolonged, and longevity of females was reduced by neem treatments. Azadirachtin may provide an effective component of a comprehensive management program for N. viridula.
Abstract The invasive kudzu bug, Megacopta cribraria , was first reported in North America in 2009 and has subsequently spread through most of the southeastern United States, causing yield loss in soybean. Since detection in the USA , research has focused mainly on managing this newly established pest, but many important characteristics of the pest's mouthpart morphology and feeding behavior are unknown. Qualitative and quantitative comparisons of nymph and adult mouthparts and sensilla were made through scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy, and feeding behavior was examined using electropenetrography ( EPG ) and paraffin histology. Morphologies observed were similar to what has previously been reported for other piercing–sucking hemipterans. The relationship between rostrum length and body size (pronotum width and dorsal length) exhibited negative allometry. Rostrum length exhibited an isometric relationship with interocular width. Adult females ( n =9) probed soybean stems 1.3±0.8 times in 9 h, with an average probe time of 2.3±1.3 h. EPG waveforms were characterized and correlated with behavior. Salivary sheaths were shown to terminate in the vascular tissue; four of five sheaths terminated in the phloem. This is the first time that the feeding behavior of a member of the Plataspidae has been recorded using EPG . Results add to our current limited knowledge of plataspid mouthpart morphology and provide a baseline for further research on the feeding behaviors of M. cribraria and other soybean‐feeding hemipterans.
Abstract The legume pest Clavigralla scutellaris (Westwood) is sympatric with C. gibbosa Spinola in southern India, and co-occurs with both C. orientalis Dolling and C. gibbosa farther north. Adults of C. scutellaris are easily distinguished from Indian congeners, but nymphal descriptions for this species have never been published. Nymphs of C. scutellaris were reared in the laboratory and the immature stages were described and illustrated. At 27 ± 2°C, the egg incubation period (mean ± S.D.) was 6.63 ± 0.74 days. Durations of the five stadia were 2.50 ± 0.51, 3.81 ± 0.77, 3.19 ± 0.68, 3.46 ± 0.40, and 5.96 ± 0.84 days, respectively. Total nymphal development period did not differ significantly between males and females. Adult life-history parameters (preoviposition period, premating interval, and longevity) were also determined. Nymphs of C. scutellaris can be reliably distinguished from those of C. orientalis and C. gibbosa on the basis of abdomen color (in early instars) and femur/tibia coloration pattern (in all instars). Eggs of C. scutellaris differ from those of the other two species in shape, surface sculpturing, and thickness of the chorion, and are distinctive both before and after hatching. Distribution of Clavigralla spp. in India is reviewed based on literature records, and the biology of C. scutellaris is compared with that of other South Asian species.
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