Abstract : A restraing harness for aircraft pilots has been developed which has successfully protected volunteers against 2500 foot-pounds delivered on the impact decelerator by dropping a 500 pound weight five feet. This impact force expended in 0.15 seconds on a dummy enclosed in a semi-rigid harness is featured by 10,000 pound peaks as measured by strain gages.
In 1910, Woodyatt1suggested, in explanation of the ketolytic action of glucose, that 1 molecule of acetoacetic acid might react with 1 molecule of alcohol or glucose and thus undergo oxidation at the expense of the simultaneous reduction of the glucose. This assumption was based on analogy with the observed behavior of ketones and alcohol when these were exposed to bright sunlight, as had been reported by Cimician and Silber, and is in harmony with what is known of the behavior of the acetone bodies in metabolism. Although Geelmuyden2can be credited with an earlier hypothesis of intermolecular chemical reaction between the acetone bodies and glucose, Woodyatt was responsible for stimulating much of the investigation of this subject. Geelmuyden proposed a conjugation of glucose and the acetone bodies, a view with which Ringer's3hypothesis of ten years later harmonized. The demonstration by Shaffer,4in 1921, of
In a publication which appeared in the Insulin number of the Journal of Metabolic Research, I, with Boothby and others, proposed a clinical method for assaying insulin. Properly selected patients were placed on a standardized maintenance diet high enough in carbohydrate to cause slight glycosuria, and a value for the tolerance under these conditions was reached by subtracting the average daily glucose excretion from the glucose value of the foodstuffs metabolizing. The diet was then increased to a glucose value of 100 to 120 gm., and insulin (Eli Lilly Company) was administered in amounts such that glycosuria continued in about the same degree. The extra grams of glucose metabolized under these conditions divided by the number of units of insulin gave a glucose equivalent for different allotments with an average value of 1.5 gm. and extreme variations of 0.9 to 3.1 gm. While these considerable fluctuations were noted with different lots of insulin,
Article1 December 1932Observations on ObesityRUSSELL M. WILDER, M.D., FLORENCE H. SMITH, B.S., IRENE SANDIFORD, Ph.D.RUSSELL M. WILDER, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, FLORENCE H. SMITH, B.S.Search for more papers by this author, IRENE SANDIFORD, Ph.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-6-6-724 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptIt is repeatedly affirmed that certain men and women maintain themselves in weight equilibrium or even gain weight on less food than others require, and popular opinion attributes this to abnormalities of endocrine activity and resulting economies in energy production. It has been repeatedly demonstrated that the basal metabolic rate, measured in terms of calories of heat production for each square meter of surface area, is normal in obesity and that no economy of energy exchange is accomplished in this particular, but the total energy exchange is the crux of the matter, and whether economies can be expected in total...Bibliography1 BENEDICTCARPENTER FGTM: Food ingestion and energy transformations, with special reference to the stimulating effect of nutrients, 1918, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D. C. Google Scholar2 BERNHARDT H: I. Zum Problem der Fettleibigkeit. (Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Frage des sogenannten "Grundumsatzes"), Ergebn. d. inn. Med. u. Kinderh., 1929, xxxvi, 1-55. Google Scholar3 BERNHARDT H: New concepts concerning the pathogenesis of obesity and the problems of basal metabolism, Endocrinology, 1930, xiv, 209-225. CrossrefGoogle Scholar4 BOOTHBYBERNHARDT WMH: Stoffwechselanalysen am Gesunden unter verschiedenen Bedingungen, Ztschr. f. klin. Med., 1931, lxvi, 219-240. Google Scholar5 BOOTHBYSANDIFORD WMI: Laboratory manual of the technic of basal metabolic rate determinations, 1920, W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia. Google Scholar6 BOZENRAAD O: Über den Wassergehalt des menschlichen Fettgewebes unter verschiedener Bedingungen, Deutsch. Arch. f. klin. Med., 1911, ciii, 120-123. Google Scholar7 DUBOIS EF: Recent advances in the study of basal metabolism, Jr. Nutr., 1930, iii, 217-228. Google Scholar8 JOHNSTONNEWBURGH MWLH: The determination of the total heat eliminated by the human being, Jr. Clin. Invest., 1930, viii, 147-160. CrossrefGoogle Scholar9 LAUTER S: Genesis of obesity, Deutsch. Arch. f. klin. Med., 1926, cl, 315-365. Google Scholar10 LUSK G: The elements of the science of nutrition, 1928, Ed. 4, W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia. Google Scholar11 MCCLUGAGEBOOTHEVANS HBGFA: Creatinine excretion in abnormal states of nutrition, Am. Jr. Med. Sci., 1931, clxxxi, 349-355. CrossrefGoogle Scholar12 NEWBURGHJOHNSTON LHMW: The nature of obesity, Jr. Clin. Invest., 1930, viii, 197-213. CrossrefGoogle Scholar13 NEWBURGHJOHNSTONFALCON-LESSES LHMWM: Measurement of total water exchange, Jr. Clin. Invest., 1930, viii, 161-196. CrossrefGoogle Scholar14 SEVRINGHAUS EL: Human energy metabolism. I. A simple bicycle ergometer. Am. Jr. Physiol., 1927, lxxx, 347-354. CrossrefGoogle Scholar15 STRANGMCCLUGAGEBROWNLEE JMHBMA: The specific dynamic action of food in abnormal states of nutrition, Am. Jr. Med. Sci., 1931, clxxxii, 49-81. CrossrefGoogle Scholar16 STRANGMCCLUGAGEEVANS JMHBFA: Further studies in the dietary correction of obesity, Am. Jr Med. Sci., 1930, clxxix, 687-694. CrossrefGoogle Scholar17 STRANGMCCLUGAGEEVANS JMHBFA: The nitrogen balance during dietary correction of obesity. Am. Jr. Med. Sci., 1931, clxxxi, 336-349. CrossrefGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: RUSSELL M. WILDER, M.D.; FLORENCE H. SMITH, B.S.; IRENE SANDIFORD, Ph.D.Affiliations: Chicago, IllinoisRead before the American College of Physicians, San Francisco, California, May 6, 1932. From the Division of Medicine, The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, and the Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byDie Sekretion des Insulins. Stimulierung und HemmungDie Grundstoffe der NahrungThe treatment of obesity: An analysis of methods, results, and factors which influence successDiabetogenic effect of hyperinsulinismFettsucht und MagersuchtErnährungskrankheitenOBESITY*CLIFFORD F. GASTINEAU, M.D., EDWARD H. RYNEARSON, M.D., F.A.C.P.LIVER DYSFUNCTION HYPERGLYCEMIA: ITS ETIOLOGY AND RELATION TO DIABETES MELLITUS*SAMUEL J. TAUB, M.D., WILLIAM H. SHLAES, M.D., LESTER RICE, M.S., PH.D.Fettsucht und MagersuchtDecreased Carbohydrat Tolerance after Insulin Treatment of Nondiabetic PersonsDIET AND WEIGHTNASAL INFECTION IN THE PSYCHOSES 1 December 1932Volume 6, Issue 6Page: 724-742KeywordsFoodObesityWeight gain ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 December 1932 PDF downloadLoading ...
