Males of Poecilia reticulata showed extreme diversity in color, particularly of their fins, while the females lack the bright colors and are largely whitish. Such extreme variability of color and finnage lead to demand of males in the markets. The aim of present work was to develop a new Letrozole (LTZ)-loaded PLGA nanoparticles for effective delivery of the masculinization drug, letrozole, as an alternative to commercially available masculinization agents. The LTZ-loaded PLGA NPs were prepared by solvent displacement technique. The particle size of LTZ-loaded PLGA NPs was analyzed using LICOMP particle size analyzer and was found to be in the range of 72 nm to 520 nm with average size of 221.5±63.3 nm. Zeta potential was estimated to be about 21.35 mV with loading efficiency of 43.63±4.63 %. In the present study, a series of experiments were carried out to induce masculinization using LTZ-loaded PLGA nanoparticles during the sex differentiation period. Guppy (P. reticulate) fry were treated with LTZ-loaded PLGA nanoparticles at dosages 5, 25, 50 and 100 ppm/kg diet for 10, 15 and 30 days. The gonopodium index and GSI showed increasing order in male and female respectively with dose of LTZ-loaded nanoparticles. The results indicated an increase in the proportion of males with dosage and duration of treatment. This has been done for the first time using nanotechnology efficiently which has shown an increase in the male population of Poecilia reticulata with lesser dose of nano-encapsulated Letrozole (LTZ)-loaded PLGA nanoparticles drug as compared with naked control Letrozole (LTZ) drug delivery.
Intensification of shrimp farming practices has increased the number and severity of disease outbreaks globally. As a result, diseases have become a significant barrier to profitable and sustainable shrimp production. Shrimp farming practices are reviving in India after its downfall in the late 90s. However, these farming practices also witness disease outbreaks due to viral and bacterial infections. Among the bacterial infections, Vibrios are the most important bacterial causative agents found in shrimp farms. They are ubiquitous and invariably seen in shrimp production conditions as opportunistic pathogens. The present study was conducted to identify the bacterial pathogens associated with the shrimp Penaeus vannamei farming systems along the Ratnagiri coast. In all, two farming units were selected: Varavade farm - a six-year-old farm, and Chinchkhari farm, a new virgin farm. The water and sediment samples were collected from January to May 2022 throughout culture period of one crop. The total plate count (TPC) of the shrimp farm water samples of the Varavade farm varied from 4.35 to 6.32 log10 CFU mL-1. In the sediments, the minimum value of TPC was 4.99 log10 CFU g-1, while the maximum value observed was 7.25 log10 CFU g-1. The Total Vibrio count (TVC) of water samples from Varavade farm varied from 4.01 to 5.63 log10 CFU mL-1. In the sediments, the minimum value of TVC was 4.64, while the maximum value observed was 6.56 log10 CFU g-1. The statistical analysis showed a significant difference in TPC and TVC (p < 0.05) among different days of culture. The TPC of the shrimp farm water samples of the Chinchkhari farm varied from 5.22 to 8.17 log10 CFU mL-1. In the sediment, the minimum value of TPC was 5.87, while the maximum value was observed at 8.45 log10 CFU g-1. The TVC of water samples from the Chinchkhari farm varied from 4.75 to 6.89 log10 CFU mL-1. In the sediment, the minimum value of TVC was 5.16, while the maximum value observed was 6.70 log10 CFU g-1. The statistical analysis showed a significant difference in TPC and TVC (p < 0.05) among different days of culture. The bacterial load was observed to increase with the progression of the culture period on both farms. The usage of probiotics, chemicals, and water exchange was observed to promote a decrease in the bacterial community.
Polydora ciliata a common polychaete worm, which bores and resides within the oyster shells, was found in the oyster populations of this estuary. The percentage infestation
in the oysters occurring in the natural bed and in different age classes of farmed oysters was studied. Infestation was low in the natural bed than in the farmed oysters. About 80% of small oysters (<6 month) were uninfested in the natural bed while in the farmed oysters of the same age group, only 44% were uninfested. The severity of infestation was observed to increase
with age in the natural bed as well as in farmed oysters. Experiments were conducted to eradicate these worms by dip treatments in formalin, chlorine and freshwater. Formalin
treatments in three different doses, 1000,500 and 250ppm for 30 minutes, I hand 2 h respectively were capable of removing 79.6%, 69.1% and 69.6% worms from oysters with minimum mortality (6.6,1.6 and 0% mortality) to test oysters. Eradication treatment using chlorine at doses 1000,
700 and 500 ppm for 3,5 and 6 h were successful in eliminating 78.3%, 65.1 % and 57.7% worms from shells with test oyster mortality of 15%, 11.6% and 3.3%. Freshwater treatment for 3,6, 9 and 12h and aerial exposure after brushing the oysters with formalin were not effective in
eradicating the mudworm.
Intensification of shrimp farming practices has resulted in an increase in the number and severity of disease outbreaks globally. As a result, diseases have become a significant barrier to profitable and sustainable shrimp production. Shrimp farming practices are reviving in India after its downfall in the late 90s. However, these farming practices also witness disease outbreaks due to viral and bacterial infections. Among the bacterial infections, Vibrios are the most important bacterial causative agents found in shrimp farms. They are ubiquitous in nature and invariably seen in shrimp production conditions as opportunistic pathogens. The present study was conducted to identify the bacterial pathogens associated with the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei farming systems along the Ratnagiri coast. In all, two farming units were selected; Varavade farm - six year old farm and Chinchkhari farm was new virgin farm. Between January and May of 2022, samples of the water and sediment were taken. The total plate count (TPC) of the shrimp farm water samples of the Varavade farm varied from 4.35 to 6.32 log10 CFU mL-1. In the sediments, minimum value of TPC was 4.99 log10 CFU g-1 while the maximum value observed was 7.25 log10 CFU g-1. The Total Vibrio count (TVC) of water samples from Varavade farm varied from 4.01 to 5.63 log10 CFU mL-1. In the sediments, minimum value of TVC was 4.64 while the maximum value observed was 6.56 log10 CFU g-1. The statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference in TPC and TVC (p<0.05) among different days of culture.Total plate count (TPC) of the shrimp farm water samples of the Chinchkhari farm varied from 5.22 to 8.17 log10 CFU mL-1. In the sediment, minimum value of TPC was 5.87 while the maximum value was observed 8.45 log10 CFU g-1. The Total Vibrio count (TVC) of water samples from Chinchkhari farm varied from 4.75 to 6.89 log10 CFU mL-1. In the sediment, minimum value of TVC was 5.16 while the maximum value observed was to 6.70 log10 CFU g-1. The statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference in TPC and TVC (p<0.05) among different days of culture. The bacterial load was observed to be increased with the progression of the culture period in both farms. The usage of probiotics, chemicals and water exchange was observed to be helping in the decrease of the bacterial community.
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