In analytical psychology, it is assumed that dreams have attached importance in psychotherapy and focusing on the structure of dreams, which is the dream situation, is useful for dream analysis. This article includes three quantitative studies to show a connection between the Japanese mentality and the dream situations that “The dream-ego sees others” and “Others take the initiative in positive behavior to the dream-ego.” Study 1 compared the rate of each situation in Japanese and German clinical cases. The rate of each situation was significantly higher in Japanese cases than in German cases. Therefore, Study 2 examined dreams with either situation appearing in the Japanese cases. It showed significant differences in the details of the situations when these dreams appeared in the course of therapy. Then, Study 3 examined the rate of each situation also in non-clinical Japanese college students’ dreams. Both situations appeared in non-clinical Japanese students’ dreams, but the rate of “The dream-ego sees others” was significantly higher in Japanese cases than in non-clinical Japanese students’ dreams. The three studies’ results suggest that both situations are characteristics of Japanese dreams and may connect with Japanese mentality or psychological themes.
Gender differences have been documented in the prevalence of psychological symptoms. Tic disorders and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are more common in male clinical samples, while selective mutism and trichotillomania are more common in female clinical samples. In a review of 84 published case studies of Japanese children, this study explored gender differences in the prevalence of four categories of symptoms and expressions made in therapy for tics, selective mutism, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and trichotillomania. Case studies were evaluated using both qualitative coding and statistical analysis. The findings were mostly consistent with epidemiological surveys and empirical research on adults. The gender differences in symptom prevalence and their expression could be summarized as differences in more direct aggression for boys versus indirect aggression for girls. The objective and progress in the therapy were to control impulsive energy for boys and to express energy for girls.
Chat-based counselling has become increasingly popular in the era of telecommunication. The need for accessible therapy has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Given its text-based nature, chat-based counselling provides an opportunity for machine-based analysis. It even has the potential to provide machine-based counselling services. However, the informational resources for machine-based analysis and interaction are rather scarce especially in a Japanese-language context. We created a Japanese dictionary for sentiment analysis, using a technique via machine-based text analysis, tailored for counselling related text. It includes 2389 words that were frequently used in chat-based counselling corpora. The following attributes were included for each word: (1) valence rating by the general public, (2) valence rating by clinical psychologists, (3) emotionality, and (4) body-relatedness.
Chat-based counselling has become increasingly popular in the era of telecommunication. The need for accessible therapy has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Given its text-based nature, chat-based counselling provides an opportunity for machine-based analysis. It even has the potential to provide machine-based counselling services. However, the informational resources for machine-based analysis and interaction are rather scarce especially in a Japanese-language context. We created a Japanese dictionary for sentiment analysis, using a technique via machine-based text analysis, tailored for counselling related text. It includes 2389 words that were frequently used in chat-based counselling corpora. The following attributes were included for each word: (1) valence rating by the general public, (2) valence rating by clinical psychologists, (3) emotionality, and (4) body-relatedness.
As communication tools have shifted to Social Networking Services (SNS) in recent years, especially among the younger generation, the use of text-based online counseling services is spreading rapidly in Japan. With this shift, SNS counseling is now mainly provided by temporarily trained paraprofessionals and non-professionals under the supervision of more experienced professionals, and there is an urgent need to train counselors with high levels of expertise. However, there is a great lack of basic research in Japan, and empirical findings have not yet been obtained on even rough indicators that distinguish highly specialized counseling from non-specialized counseling. In this study, therefore, we conducted a role-play survey of SNS counseling and examined how the counselor's attitude of “listening” appears, using message volume and session evaluations as analytical indices. The results of this analysis revealed that there were two main features of the “listening” attitude in SNS counseling. In SNS counseling, counselors need to talk more than in face-to-face counseling to understand the situation and to clearly express empathy, while providing a place where the client can talk freely and a lot. The SNS counselors are expected to take a seemingly contradictory, therefore difficult, way of being. It can be said that although the basic essence of “listening” attitude is the same between SNS consultation and face-to-face psychotherapy, the actual expression of this attitude is different, and the suggestion of this point is probably the most significant of this study.
Cultural differences in self-construal, human relationships, and values between Western and East Asian people have been suggested. The aim of this article is to investigate cultural difference in dreamers' self-construal based on their dreams. We examined the dreams sampled via online questionnaires from 300 non-clinical participants from America and Japan, respectively. The free response for the contents of "impressive dreams in childhood" "recent impressive dreams" was categorized into the five general dream structural patterns. Besides, the participants were asked to answer the scales to investigate participants' cultural self-construal. The current results revealed the prevalence of the independent view of self in American participants and the interdependent view of self in Japanese participants. In addition, we found significant cultural differences in the dream length and structural patterns. For American dreams, the dream-ego had a clear will and strong mobility, and there were obvious ends of dream events. Conversely, for Japanese dreams, the weak agency and vague conscious of the dream-ego were shown, and others could play a main role in one's dreams. These results suggested that each characteristic of the American and Japanese samples may be influenced by the differences in self-construal or in the process of self-formation between American and Japanese cultures.
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