In this work, physicochemical, rheological, and antibacterial properties of chitosan (CS) extracted from white shrimp (WS), giant river prawn (GP), and Antarctic krill (AK) were investigated. The results demonstrated that molecular weight (MW) of commercial chitosan (CCS), WSCS, GPCS, and AKCS were 1175.8, 2130.4, 1293.3, and 1109.3 kDa with the degree of deacetylation (DDA) of 73.5, 74.1, 82.1, and 75.9%, respectively. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were employed to study the structural differences of CS. Moreover, storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) of AKCS were lower than that of WSCS and GPCS, respectively, but higher than that of CCS. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bacterial concentration (MBC) of CS against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were investigated at concentration between 0.0125 and 1 mg/mL. These results highlighted that AKCS with low viscoelastic properties had a potential application in food and pharmaceutical application.
The flavor of gonad and meat of female Portunus Trituberculatus cultured in indoor and outdoor were studied by tested free amino acid, taste nucleotide, volatile compounds, and analyzed combined with sensory, electronic nose, and electronic tongue results. The results of electronic nose, electronic tongue, and sensory showed that the flavor were slightly different under two conditions. For taste substance, indoor culture can significantly increase the contribution of AMP, glutamate, alanine, proline to the taste and the content of TAA and EAA of gonad. Also, it could significantly increase the contribution of AMP, lysine, and histidine and the content of EAA of meat, while the TAA and FAA were adverse (p < 0.05). The equivalent umami concentration value of gonad and meat were higher than outdoor cultured. For volatile compounds, the content of aldehydes, ketones, and furans in gonad and meat were decreased by indoor culture, but others were increased. Practical applications At present, many scholars have studied the effects of culture methods and conditions, including temperature, region, salinity, feed, etc. On the growth and development of Portunus Trituberculatus, some studies have studied the effects of free amino acids on their flavors, but few have reported the influences of culture methods and conditions on the overall flavor of the Portunus Trituberculatus. In this study, we explored the overall flavor of indoor and outdoor breeding of the gonads and crab meat of the Portunus Trituberculatus by the sensory evaluation analysis, volatile substance analysis, free amino acid, and taste nucleotide analysis, combined with electronic tongue and electronic nose analysis, provides a certain theoretical reference to the swimming crab pond aquaculture industry.
Landscape management plays a key role in improving the quality of urban environments and enhancing the multifunctionality of green infrastructure. It works to guide the efficient and effective management of green spaces for sustainability and the well-being of users. However, while most researchers have emphasised spatial planning as a basis for developing green infrastructure to promote new strategic connections in urban green space, they have simultaneously ignored the impact of management. Against this background, this paper argues that if our towns and cities seek to maintain the well-being of citizens while also achieving sustainable environments, they must engage in effective landscape management to improve their green infrastructure. It is not enough to simply design or maintain parks and green spaces so as to keep up their physical condition; rather, green infrastructure work should be adapted to the understanding and implementation of managers, users and stakeholders in an integrated management process in order to provide more services for sustainable development. A selected study in Sheffield investigated the management planning required for sustainable development. It is beneficial to learn the experiences of management planning in Sheffield, a city which has rich management practices for green and open spaces. This study will analyse how management planning helps local authorities and managers to improve multifunctional green and open spaces in the context of sustainable development. As a result, the study also explores the framework of management planning with regard to the transferability of the existing practices in Sheffield. It also attempts to provide a primer for sustainability impact assessments in other cities with a considered knowledge exchange.
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