Under de senaste decennierna har konsumtion kommit att bli ett allt viktigare omrade for manniskor nar det galler att visa och uppfatta socioekonomisk status. Det finns aven forskare (Bauman 1998) ...
The specter of rationing is a bitter pill for most consumers and immediately evokes images of scarcity and deprivation. Even hypothetical fiats to regulate consumption typically trigger mental experiments to devise imaginative procedures to circumvent prospective measures. Probably in no small measure, fears of extremely negative public reactions have contributed to the reluctance of policy makers in most countries to even discuss consumption controls as a means to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions or to address other contemporary environmental problems (Cohen 2011; Cox 2013). Rationing is the policy tool about which we dare not speak. Interventions have instead focused on improving technical efficiencies (automotive fuel-economy standards), implementing economic incentives to more closely align the behavior of producers and consumers with biophysical limits (so-called cap and trade programs), and trialing ameliorative technologies (underground sequestration of carbon) (Huesemann and Huesemann 2011; Lipschutz 2012; see also Morozov 2013).
Kategoriseringar ar forenklingar av verkligheten, men kan anda vara anvandbara om man forstar deras begransningar. Ett exempel ar klassbegreppet som i ett historiskt perspektiv ofta baserats pa ind ...
Veljekset Keskinen bildades 1969 och ar idag Finlands nast storsta varuhus belaget i Tuuri, en ort med 500 invanare i Osterbotten i Finland. Foretaget var fran borjan en ”bybutik” eller vad vi skul ...
Monocytes and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are evident at the implants during early healing. However, when coexisting, their interactions at different implants have not been determined. This study uses an in vitro system, consisting of monoculture and direct co-cultures of monocytes and MSC on screw-shaped machined and oxidized titanium implants in combination with scanning electron microscopy, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry, cell sorting, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The cell-specific adhesion and gene expression of monocytes and MSC was determined. After 24 hr, the coexistence of monocytes and MSC in co-culture led to equal proportions of adherent monocytes and MSC, irrespective of the implant type. In contrast, higher number of adherent monocytes than MSC was found on the oxidized implant in monoculture. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of fluorescent activated cell sorting-sorted cells revealed up-regulation of interleukin-1beta, in monocytes, and interleukin-1beta and C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4, in MSC, when the cell types coexisted compared with monocultures. Further, in co-culture, the expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2, stromal cell-derived factor 1, and integrin-β1 was enhanced in the implant-adherent MSC, but not monocytes. It is concluded that during the first 24 hr in an in vitro static condition, the effect of co-culture of monocytes and MSC was more prominent than the effect of the implant surface properties. The results indicate that the coexistence of monocytes and MSC on an implant alters the adhesion and expression of some genes compared with when each cell type existed alone. Further, the results show that the gene expression of major growth and recruitment factors is mainly enhanced in the implant-adherent MSC in contrast to implant-adherent monocytes in co-culture.
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