Henry Lee-Saunders

University of California, Los Angeles

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David A. Thilker

Johns Hopkins University

Dave G. Milewski

University of California, Los Angeles

M. Lynne Saade

Universities Space Research Association

Julia Kennefick

University of Arkansas at Fayetteville

Laura V. Sales

University of California, Riverside

Michelle Collins

AbbVie (United States)

Andreas Koch

Heidelberg University

Michael C. Cooper

University of California, Irvine

Michael Fusco

University of Arkansas at Fayetteville

James S. Bullock

University of California, Irvine

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University of California, Los Angeles

Max Planck Society

Space Telescope Science Institute

University of California, Riverside

Association of Universities For Research In Astronomy

U.S. National Science Foundation

University of Arkansas at Fayetteville

Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian

Harvard University

Astronomical Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences

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The haloes and environments of nearby galaxies (HERON) – I. Imaging, sample characteristics, and envelope diameters

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (2019)

R. Michael Rich А. В. Мосенков Henry Lee-Saunders Andreas Koch John Kormendy

We use a dedicated 0.7-m telescope to image the halos of 119 galaxies in the Local Volume to $\mu_r \sim 28-30$ mag/arcsec$^2$. The sample is primarily from the 2MASS Large Galaxy Atlas and extended to include nearby dwarf galaxies and more distant giant ellipticals, and spans fully the galaxy colour-magnitude diagram including the blue cloud and red sequence. We present an initial overview, including deep images of our galaxies. Our observations reproduce previously reported low surface brightness structures, including extended plumes in M51, and a newly discovered tidally extended dwarf galaxy in NGC7331. Low surface brightness structures, or "envelopes", exceeding 50 kpc in diameter are found mostly in galaxies with $M_V<-20.5$, and classic interaction signatures are infrequent. Defining a halo diameter at the surface brightness 28 mag/arcsec$^2$, we find that halo diameter is correlated with total galaxy luminosity. Extended signatures of interaction are found throughout the galaxy colour-magnitude diagram without preference for the red or blue sequences, or the green valley. Large envelopes may be found throughout the colour-magnitude diagram with some preference for the bright end of the red sequence. Spiral and S0 galaxies have broadly similar sizes, but ellipticals extend to notably greater diameters, reaching 150 kpc. We propose that the extended envelopes of disk galaxies are dominated by an extension of the disk population rather than by a classical population II halo.

10.1093/mnras/stz2106

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