Understanding the formation of tropical yellow to red earth (TYRE) is essential for preserving soil multifunctionality in well-drained tropical landscapes. Weathering and bioturbation mutually interact in TYRE evolution, whereas allochthonous materials appear restricted to distinct (paleo)landscapes. A layered appearance of TYRE can result from quasi-constant deposition of invertebrate mound debris, outcompeting diffusional mixing. Age-depth profiles from optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and charcoal radiocarbon (14Cchar) data of TYRE sites in different tropical landscapes, both from the literature and the present study, all reveal quasi-constant soil upbuilding, in accordance with our model. The rates of soil upbuilding are mostly in the range of 100–200 mm*ka−1, which conforms with published mounding rates of termites and ants. By comparison, geochemical transformation of rock to saprolite proceeds at rates at least one order of magnitude smaller. Termites mining saprolite, sometimes even below indurated subsoil, produce TYRE, thus linking the interconnected subsystems of differing process rates. The work of the bioengineers appears essential for transforming the deep-weathering products into well-structured TYRE. Future research may extend the provided database, the spatial scale, and the use of geochronology, coupled with paleoenvironmental proxies, in order to further enhance our understanding of tropical soil and landscape evolution, as one basis for advances in sustainable land use.
The fast and reliable detection, segmentation and visualization of latent fingerprints are the main tasks in forensics. Currently, conventional fingerprints are searched for, recorded and subsequently analyzed
In this paper, we present guacamole, a novel open source software framework for developing virtual-reality applications. It features a lightweight scene graph combined with a versatile deferred shading pipeline. In our deferred renderer, the geometry processing is decoupled from subsequent shading stages. This allows us to use the same flexible materials for various geometry types. Materials consist of multiple programmable shading stages and user-defined attributes. In contrast to other deferred shading implementations, our renderer automatically infers and generates the necessary buffer configurations and shader programs. We demonstrate the extensibility of our pipeline by showing how we added rendering support for non-polygonal data such as trimmed NURBS and volume data. Furthermore, guacamole features many state-of-the-art post-processing effects such as ambient occlusion or volumetric light. Our framework is also capable of rendering on multiple GPUs for the support of multi-screen displays and multi-user applications.