An electrochemical biosensing platform was developed based on glucose oxidase (GOx)/Fe3O4- reduced graphene oxide (Fe3O4-RGO) nanosheets loaded on the magnetic glassy carbon electrode (MGCE). With the advantages of the magnetism, conductivity and biocompatibility of the Fe3O4-RGO nanosheets, the nanocomposites could be facilely adhered to the electrode surface by magnetically controllable assembling and beneficial to achieve the direct redox reactions and electrocatalytic behaviors of GOx immobilized into the nanocomposites. The biosensor exhibited good electrocatalytic activity, high sensitivity and stability. The current response is linear over glucose concentration ranging from 0.05 to 1.5 mM with a low detection limit of 0.15 μM. Meanwhile, validation of the applicability of the biosensor was carried out by determining glucose in serum samples. The proposed protocol is simple, inexpensive and convenient, which shows great potential in biosensing application.
In this paper, a dynamic light scattering (DLS)-based approach was developed for the real-time detection of melamine. Due to the strong interaction between melamine and AuNPs, the hydrodynamic diameter of AuNPs changed with increasing amounts of added melamine in the detection system, which can be directly observed by DLS. The sensitivity of this assay to detect melamine is about 0.05 ppm, and even in detection solutions with low pH values (2.5–3.5 or 4.0–5.0), this DLS-based assay can work well. All these results suggest that the DLS-based assay could be a good alternative method for one-step real-time detection of melamine, especially in complex systems (such as complex solutions with a low pH environment), without time-consuming procedures and costly instruments.
The 13th five-year plan of education informatization's requirements and the Ministry of Education's "experimental plan for training top students in basic disciplines" note the need to fully integrate the information on internet technology and basic chemistry laboratory teaching.They also note the importance of building a virtual simulation laboratory platform that is based on basic theoretical knowledge such as chiral catalysis and drug synthesis, both of which we are committed to.Traditional basic chemistry laboratory limitations with regard to the teaching time, space and safety should be overcome.In addition, teaching methods and connotation of the chemistry laboratory should be enriched to enhance students' autonomy, practicality, and innovativeness in terms of participating in basic chemistry in the laboratory.Further, innovation in personnel training mechanisms in basic chemistry subjects should be promoted, and the fundamental task of establishing morality and cultivating talents in higher education in the new era should be seen to.In this regard, the problems and difficulties experienced in relation to virtual laboratory teaching were analyzed, and the role of the virtual simulation platform in chemistry laboratory teaching was discussed.
An electrochemical biosensing platform was developed based on glucose oxidase (GOx)/Fe3O4- reduced graphene oxide (Fe3O4-RGO) nanosheets loaded on the magnetic glassy carbon electrode (MGCE). With the advantages of the magnetism, conductivity and biocompatibility of the Fe3O4-RGO nanosheets, the nanocomposites could be facilely adhered to the electrode surface by magnetically controllable assembling and beneficial to achieve the direct redox reactions and electrocatalytic behaviors of GOx immobilized into the nanocomposites. The biosensor exhibited good electrocatalytic activity, high sensitivity and stability. The current response is linear over glucose concentration ranging from 0.05 to 1.5 mM with a low detection limit of 0.15 μM. Meanwhile, validation of the applicability of the biosensor was carried out by determining glucose in serum samples. The proposed protocol is simple, inexpensive and convenient, which shows great potential in biosensing application.
The level of urinary retinol-binding protein (RBP) can be estimated as a significant index of renal tubular injury. In this work, we used Ag@BSA microspheres as a sensing interface to cross-link RBP monoclonal antibody (RBP mAb) via glutaraldehyde for sensitive detection of RBP. The Ag@BSA microspheres covered on a Au electrode could provide a larger surface area and multifunctional substrate for the effective immobilization of RBP mAb, and the outside BSA layer acted as a biocompatible support to maintain the bioactivity and stability of immobilized immunogen. Electrochemical measurements containing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were employed to evaluate the analytical performance of the fabricated immunosensor and a higher detection sensitivity was obtained by DPV attributed to the excellent electrical conductivity of Ag@BSA which could enhance the peak current response. This immunosensor had a best detection limit (DL) of 18 ng mL–1 and a linear response range between 50 and 4500 ng mL–1. The proposed approach showed high specificity for RBP detection, acceptable reproducibility with an RSD of 5.6%, and good precision with the RSD of 4.5% and 6.3% at the RBP concentrations of 500 and 1500 ng mL–1. Compared with the ELISA method by analyzing real urine samples from a patient, this immunosensor revealed acceptable accuracy with a relative deviation lower than 6.5%, indicating a potential alternative method for RBP detection in clinical diagnosis.
The subthalamic nucleus (STN) plays a critical role in modulating motor and cognitive functions within the basal ganglia, with its dysfunction being implicated in movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease. However, the behavioral representations of individual STN neurons remain incompletely understood. Using in vivo two-photon calcium imaging in behaving mice, we systematically mapped the activity of single STN neurons across diverse behavioral contexts, including locomotion, licking, and reward-driven actions. Our findings reveal that STN neurons exhibit mixed selectivity, encoding multiple behaviors with distinct temporal dynamics and excitatory or inhibitory response patterns. This mixed selectivity allows the STN to robustly encode motor parameters such as locomotion speed and licking intensity while integrating contextual information from different behavioral states. Comparisons with the adjacent zona incerta (ZI) revealed distinct encoding properties: while both regions represent locomotion, STN neurons more faithfully track motor states, whereas ZI neurons exhibit prolonged calcium events with weaker movement correlations. Population-level analysis showed STN activity in a low-dimensional neural manifold, with components linked to movement velocity and licking intensity. Notably, locomotion encoding in STN was context-dependent, diverging when movements were internally generated versus reward-modulated. Together, these findings highlight the specialized yet flexible role of the STN in integrating motor and reward-related signals, supporting a framework in which STN neurons contribute to motor control through multiplexed and context-dependent encoding. This work provides new insights into the functional organization of basal ganglia circuits and has implications for understanding STN's role in both physiological and pathological conditions.
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