Abstract Previous studies on the sexual dimorphism of the mastoid triangle have typically focused on linear and area measurements. No studies in the literature have used mastoid air cell system volume measurements for direct anthropological or forensic sex determination. The aims of this study were to investigate the applicability of mastoid air cell system volume measurements and mastoid triangle measurements separately and combined for sex estimation, and to determine the accuracy of sex estimation rates using machine learning algorithms and discriminant function analysis of these data. On 200 computed tomography images, the distances constituting the edges of the mastoid triangle were measured, and the area was calculated using these measurements. A region-growing algorithm was used to determine the volume of the mastoid air cell system. The univariate sex determination accuracy was calculated for all parameters. Stepwise discriminant function analysis was performed for sex estimation. Multiple machine learning methods have also been used. All measurements of the mastoid triangle and volumes of the mastoid air cell system were higher in males than in females. The accurate sex estimation rate was determined to be 79.5% using stepwise discriminant function analysis and 88.5% using machine learning methods.
1769 yilinda, Fransa'da Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot buhar gucuyle calisan aracin testi sirasinda bir duvara carpmis olup; yasanan bu kaza, tarihteki ilk otomobil kazasi olarak kabul edilmektedir. 1897’de meydana gelen trafik kazasinda, bir taksi soforu olan George Smith, bir binaya carparak aracina hasar vermis ve bu tarihte alkol etkisinde arac kullanimi ile iliskili ilk kaza olarak yer almistir. O gunlerden, bugune hizla artan motorlu tasit ve insan sayisina paralel olarak, gunumuzde trafik kazalari, yuksek morbidite ve mortalite oranlari ile dunyanin en onemli sorunlarindan biri olarak tanimlanmaktadir. Cesitli calismalarda, suruculerin alkol ve ilac kullanimi ile trafik kazalari ve trafik kazalarinda olum ve yaralanma riskinin artisi arasinda bir iliski buldugunu ortaya konulmustur. Bu calismada, trafik kazalarinin tarihcesi, gunumuzde trafik kazalarinin durumu, alkol ve ilac kullaniminin trafik kazalari uzerine etkisi hakkinda genel bilgilerin sunumunu takiben trafikte yol kenari alkol, uyusturucu ve uyarici tarama testlerinin tarihcesi, gelisimi ve gunumuzde kullanimi ile ilgili bilgilerin derlenerek sunulmasi amaclanmistir. Anahtar kelimeler: Trafik kazalari, Alkol, Uyusturucu, Yol kenari tarama testleri, tarihce
Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO) tarafından eksiklik, "psikolojik, fizyolojik veya anatomik bir yapı veya fonksiyonun kaybı ya da anormalliği"; maluliyet ise, "bu eksiklik ile ilişkili olarak ortaya çıkan bir sakatlık, herhangi bir kısıtlama ya da bir şekilde bir insan için normal sayılan ölçüler dâhilinde bir faaliyet gerçekleştirme yeteneği olmaması hali" olarak tanımlanmıştır
For approximately 2 centuries, the estimation of ancestry, sex, and age from skull measurements has been one of the issues of anthropology. Since the first studies of skull thickness in 1879, measurements were first made with calipers, and then with technological developments over time are also now made with X-rays, computed tomography examinations, ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. Skull thickness was used for several clinical purposes in medicine, such as determining the most suitable area for bone grafts, deciding on the appropriate area in the temporal bone for hearing aid application, monitoring changes in bone thickness in various diseases and treatments, etc. It has also been used for forensic identification, and to explain the mechanism of skull fractures in forensic medicine, although it was described in a limited number of articles. The aim of this study is to make a detailed literature review of the historical development of skull thickness measurement techniques, including the use of skull thickness measurements in forensic identification and skull fracture mechanism. It can be foreseen that skull thickness will be an indispensable part of forensic identification, especially in skeletons, together with the mapping method, an example of which has been carried out. Likewise, there is no doubt that measuring the thickness of the regions where the fracture lines pass in the skulls and the bone density of these regions by scintigraphy and combining them with the 3D Finite Element Model will lead to new ideas about the mechanism of fracture formation.
