Engineering conceptual studies were made of several dry cooling towers for a 500 MW/sub e/ power plant. The most economical method used ammonia as a heat exchange medium. The ammonia condenses the turbine steam in a condenser-reboiler while being evaporated itself. The ammonia vapor is condensed and then recycled from a dry cooling tower. The lowest cost approach utilized a water deluge on the tower during the hottest ambient conditions to effect water savings of 80 percent over an all evaporative system. The total capital, and capitalized operating cost saving for the deluged/ammonia cooling system over a conventional wet/dry tower is potentially 15 to 30 percent for a typically $30 million tower.
This study is aimed at providing a relative comparison of the thermodynamic and economic performance in electric applications for fixed mirror distributed focus (FMDF) solar thermal concepts which have been studied and developed in the DOE solar thermal program. Following the completion of earlier systems comparison studies in the late 1970's there have been a number of years of progress in solar thermal technology. This progress includes developing new solar components, improving component and system design details, constructing working systems, and collecting operating data on the systems. This study povides an update of the expected performance and cost of the major components, and an overall system energy cost for the FMDDF concepts evaluated. The projections in this study are for the late 1990's and are based on the potential capabilities that might be achieved with further technology development.
Volume growth of contents in a waste storage tank at Hanford is accompanied by episodic releases of gas and a rise in the level of tank contents. A theory is presented to describe how the gas is retained in the waste and how it is released. The theory postulates that somewhat cohesive gobs of sludge rise from the lower regions of the tank and buoyancy overcomes the cohesive strength of the slurry; this quantitatively explains several of the measured phenomena and qualitatively explains other observations.
Dry cooling of power plants is an emerging technology that promises enhanced siting flexibility for thermal power plants in water-short regions. Research in dry and dry/wet cooling is currently under way at the Advanced Concepts Test (ACT) Facility, where ammonia is used as an intermediate heat transfer fluid between condensing steam and air. Located at the Pacific Gas and Electric Kern Power Plant in Bakersfield, California, the facility is operated by Battelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratories for the Electric Power Research Institute and a consortium of utility sponsors. The facility condenses steam at up to 27,000 kg/h, a load equivalent to the heat rejected from a 15-MWe turbine. The focus of this paper is a dry ammonia-to-air heat exchanger that operated continously for over 140 h during tests of December 9-15, 1982. Results presented herein include traditional performance indicators such as overall heat transfer coefficient and fan power as well as comments on system operability.
Report regarding the calcination of full level Purex and Redox waste carried out in a remotely operated pilot plant consisting of a radiant-heat spray calciner and a pot calciner and their associated off-gas equipment (p. 4). This contains details of the calcination, effects on the waste, and difficulties encountered.
Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) is conducting this study for Westinghouse Hanford Company (Westinghouse Hanford), a contractor for the US Department of Energy (DOE). The purpose of the work is to study possible mechanisms and fluid dynamics contributing to the periodic release of gases from the double-shell waste storage tanks at the Hanford Site in Richland, Washington. The waste inside the tank is generating and periodically releasing potentially flammable gases into the tank's vent system according to observations. Questions scientists are trying to answer are: (1) How are these gases generated (2) How did these gases become trapped (3) What causes the periodic gas releases (4) And, what is the mechanism of the gas releases To develop a safe mitigation strategy, possible physical mechanisms for the periodic release of flammable gases need to be understood. During initial work, PNL has obtained, correlated, analyzed, and compared data with expected physical properties, defined mechanisms; and prepared initial models of gas formation and retention. This is the second interim report summarizing the status of the work done to data.
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