Cyril Firmat

Biogéosciences

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Sylvain Delzon

UMR BIOdiversity, GEnes & Communities

Antoine Kremer

Centre d'Études Scientifiques et Techniques d'Aquitaine

Paul Alibert

Université de Bourgogne

Julien Claude

Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier

Jean‐Yves Crochet

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

Nicolas Boulbes

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

Jean‐Marc Louvet

Université de Bordeaux

Jérôme Ivorra

Hospital Virgen de los Lirios

Ramón Buxó i Capdevila

Museu d'Arqueologia de Catalunya

Jordi Agustı́

Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats

Cooperative Institutions

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement

Université de Bordeaux

Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Prairies et Plantes Fourragères

Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique

École Pratique des Hautes Études

Université de Montpellier

Institut de Recherche pour le Développement

UMR BIOdiversity, GEnes & Communities

Centre d'Études Scientifiques et Techniques d'Aquitaine

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Dynamique évolutive du cycle phénologique foliaire : le cas d’une métapopulation de chênes sessiles le long d’un gradient altitudinal

HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe) (2015)

Cyril Firmat Sylvain Delzon Jean‐Marc Louvet Antoine Kremer

La phenologie de la feuille, comme celle de toute structure labile, se caracterise par un cycle defini par une date de formation (debourrement), une date de senescence, delimitant ensemble la duree de fonction de la structure (saison de croissance). Bien que la variation de chacun de ces traits puisse contenir une composante adaptative forte, ils se trouvent generalement analyses separement dans le cas des arbres. Cela conduit a negliger le role des contraintes genetiques ainsi que de potentiels scenarios de selection multivariee. Cette etude propose une approche de genetique quantitative integree pour comprendre l’evolution du cycle phenologique foliaire chez une metapopulation de chenes distribuee le long d’un gradient altitudinal dans les Pyrenees. Ce systeme temoigne d’une forte divergence adaptative de la date de debourrement foliaire (Alberto et al. 2011). A partir d’un modele simple derive de l’equation de Lande (1979), nous montrons qu’une approche de genetique quantitative appliquee a l’ensemble du cycle phenologique s’avere informative pour comprendre la nature des processus selectifs presidant a la divergence adaptative en relation avec le climat.

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Increasing spring temperatures favor oak seed production in temperate areas

Scientific Reports (2017)

Thomas Caignard Antoine Kremer Cyril Firmat Manuel Nicolas Samuel Venner

Abstract The changes in reproductive phenology (i.e. timing of flowering and fruiting) observed in recent decades demonstrate that tree reproduction has already been altered by climate change. However, understanding the impact of these changes in reproductive success and fitness remains a major challenge for ecologists. We describe here a previously unreported phenomenon: a significant increase in the reproductive effort (seed production) of temperate oaks with increasing spring temperature, observed over the last decade. In contrast, no relationship was found between seed production and precipitation. This sensitivity of seed production to temperature was confirmed by a “space-for-time” substitution based on elevation gradients. Our findings suggest that global warming may enhance oak reproductive effort in temperate ecosystems. Nevertheless, while fitness can be enhanced by higher levels of seed production, it also depends on the frequency and synchronization of mast seeding production, which may also be influenced by climate change.

10.1038/s41598-017-09172-7

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Do we need specific breeding for legume-based mixtures?

Advances in agronomy (2019)

Paolo Annicchiarico R. P. Collins Antonio M. De Ron Cyril Firmat Isabelle Litrico

Intercropping

Plant Breeding

10.1016/bs.agron.2019.04.001

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Parasites and Biological Invasions

Advances in ecological research/Advances in Ecological Research (2017)

Vincent Médoc Cyril Firmat Danny Sheath Josephine Pegg Demetra Andreou

Ecological network

10.1016/bs.aecr.2016.10.003

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Evolution of morphological allometry

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2014)

Christophe Pélabon Cyril Firmat Geir H. Bolstad Kjetil Lysne Voje David Houle

Morphological allometry refers to patterns of covariance between body parts resulting from variation in body size. Whether measured during growth (ontogenetic allometry), among individuals at similar developmental stage (static allometry), or among populations or species (evolutionary allometry), allometric relationships are often tight and relatively invariant. Consequently, it has been suggested that allometries have low evolvability and could constrain phenotypic evolution by forcing evolving species along fixed trajectories. Alternatively, allometric relationships may result from natural selection for functional optimization. Despite nearly a century of active research, distinguishing between these alternatives remains difficult, partly due to wide differences in the meaning assigned to the term allometry. In particular, a broad use of the term, encompassing any monotonic relationship between body parts, has become common. This usage breaks the connection to the proportional growth regulation that motivated Huxley's original narrow-sense use of allometry to refer to power-law relationships between traits. Focusing on the narrow-sense definition of allometry, we review here evidence for and against the allometry-as-a-constraint hypothesis. Although the low evolvability and the evolutionary invariance of the static allometric slope observed in some studies suggest a possible constraining effect of this parameter on phenotypic evolution, the lack of knowledge about selection on allometry prevents firm conclusions.

Allometry

10.1111/nyas.12470

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Evolutionary dynamics of the leaf phenological cycle in an oak metapopulation along an elevation gradient

Journal of Evolutionary Biology (2017)

Cyril Firmat Sylvain Delzon Jean‐Marc Louvet Julien Parmentier Antoine Kremer

It has been predicted that environmental changes will radically alter the selective pressures on phenological traits. Long-lived species, such as trees, will be particularly affected, as they may need to undergo major adaptive change over only one or a few generations. The traits describing the annual life cycle of trees are generally highly evolvable, but nothing is known about the strength of their genetic correlations. Tight correlations can impose strong evolutionary constraints, potentially hampering the adaptation of multivariate phenological phenotypes. In this study, we investigated the evolutionary, genetic and environmental components of the timing of leaf unfolding and senescence within an oak metapopulation along an elevation gradient. Population divergence, estimated from in situ and common-garden data, was compared to expectations under neutral evolution, based on microsatellite markers. This approach made it possible (1) to evaluate the influence of genetic correlation on multivariate local adaptation to elevation and (2) to identify traits probably exposed to past selective pressures due to the colder climate at high elevation. The genetic correlation was positive but very weak, indicating that genetic constraints did not shape the local adaptation pattern for leaf phenology. Both spring and fall (leaf unfolding and senescence, respectively) phenology timings were involved in local adaptation, but leaf unfolding was probably the trait most exposed to climate change-induced selection. Our data indicated that genetic variation makes a much smaller contribution to adaptation than the considerable plastic variation displayed by a tree during its lifetime. The evolutionary potential of leaf phenology is, therefore, probably not the most critical aspect for short-term population survival in a changing climate.

Metapopulation

Local adaptation

10.1111/jeb.13185

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Antagonistic Effects of Assortative Mating on the Evolution of Phenotypic Plasticity along Environmental Gradients

The American Naturalist (2023)

Jean‐Paul Soularue Cyril Firmat Thomas Caignard Armel Thöni Léo Arnoux

Previous theory has shown that assortative mating for plastic traits can maintain genetic divergence across environmental gradients despite high gene flow. Yet these models did not examine how assortative mating affects the evolution of plasticity. We here describe patterns of genetic variation across elevation for plasticity in a trait under assortative mating, using multiple-year observations of budburst date in a common garden of sessile oaks. Despite high gene flow, we found significant spatial genetic divergence for the intercept, but not for the slope, of reaction norms to temperature. We then used individual-based simulations, where both the slope and the intercept of the reaction norm evolve, to examine how assortative mating affects the evolution of plasticity, varying the intensity and distance of gene flow. Our model predicts the evolution of either suboptimal plasticity (reaction norms with a slope shallower than optimal) or hyperplasticity (slopes steeper than optimal) in the presence of assortative mating when optimal plasticity would evolve under random mating. Furthermore, a cogradient pattern of genetic divergence for the intercept of the reaction norm (where plastic and genetic effects are in the same direction) always evolves in simulations with assortative mating, consistent with our observations in the studied oak populations.

Assortative mating

Trait

10.1086/724579

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A case of complete loss of gill parasites in the invasive cichlid Oreochromis mossambicus

Parasitology Research (2016)

Cyril Firmat Paul Alibert Guillaume Mutin Michèle Losseau Antoine Pariselle

Cichlid

Oreochromis mossambicus

10.1007/s00436-016-5168-1

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Increasing Spring temperature favors oak seed production in temperate areas

HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe) (2017)

Thomas Caignard Antoine Kremer Cyril Firmat Manuel Nicolas Samuel Venner

Although changes in vegetative phenology have considerable consequences for ecosystem functioning, little is known about how tree reproduction responds to climate change, while reproductive traits are key determinants of plant fitness. Assessing the response of tree reproduction to climate variations is needed for understanding tree and forest adaptation to environmental changes. We analyzed an extensive dataset of tree reproduction in 28 temperate oak forests distributed throughout France and examined how seed production responded to temperature variations over 14 years In addition, a “space-for-time” substitution experiment has been used to quantify the temperature sensitivity of acorn production. The amount of acorn produced in 10 Q. petraea populations along two parallel elevation gradients in Southern France were quantified from 2012 to 2015. During the past two decades, we observed a significant increase in reproductive effort for Q. petraea that correlates with a rise in spring temperature. Although no significant trend over time has been observed for Q. robur, a significant increase in seed production was also found with spring temperature. Such sensitivity to temperature of seed production has been confirmed along the elevational gradients. Our findings show that increasing spring temperature favors oak reproductive effort in temperate ecosystems. Nevertheless, while fitness can be enhanced by higher seed production, it also depends on the frequency and on the synchronization of mast seeding production that climate change may influence too.

Quercus petraea

Acorn

Quercus robur

Temperate forest

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Breeding for forage mixtures: Synthesis and prospects from theoretical and empirical approaches

HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe) (2018)

Cyril Firmat

10.19211/kup9783737604635

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