This study deals with the potential release of metal/loids from sulfide mine wastes upon weathering and the health risks associated with their accidental ingestion. To address this, a complete chemical and mineralogical characterization of a variety of sulfide mine wastes was performed alongside a determination of metal/loid bioaccessibility through leaching tests simulating human digestive and lung fluids. The mine wastes consisted predominantly of Fe (35-55% of Fe2O3) and exhibited high concentrations of trace metalloids such as As (382-4310 mg/kg), Pb (205-15,974 mg/kg), Cu (78-1083 mg/kg), Zn (274-1863 mg/kg), or Sb (520-1816 mg/kg). Most wastes with high concentrations of soluble compounds are considered hazardous according to the European regulations due to the exceedance of threshold values for As, Pb, Cr, Cu, Sb, sulfates, and Zn determined by standardized tests. In general terms, the absorption of waste-hosted metals through both digestive and respiratory routes was low compared to the total metal contents of the wastes, with values below 8% of the total concentration in wastes for most metal/loids including Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Tl, or U. However, some metals exhibited a significantly higher absorption potential, especially through the respiratory route, reaching values of up to 17% for Cr and 75% for Pb, highlighting the strong bioaccessibility of Pb in certain sulfide wastes. Despite the high metal/loid concentrations observed in the studied wastes, a health risk assessment indicated that some non-carcinogenic effects could be observed in children only following the accidental digestion of Pb.
Schwertmannite is a common nanomineral in acid sulfate environments such as Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) and Acid Sulfate Soils (ASS). Its high surface area and positively charged surface result in a strong affinity towards toxic oxyanions such as arsenate in solution. However, natural precipitation of schwertmannite also involves the accumulation of other impurities, in particular aluminum, an element that is often incorporated into the structure of Fe-oxide minerals, such as goethite and ferrihydrite, affecting their structural and surface properties. However, little is known about the effect of Al incorporation in schwertmannite on the removal capacity of toxic oxyanions found in AMD and ASS (e.g. arsenate). In this paper, schwertmannite samples with variable Al concentration were synthetized and employed in arsenate adsorption isotherm experiments at a constant pH of 3.5. Solid samples before and after arsenate adsorption were characterized using high energy X-ray diffraction and pair distribution function analyses in order to identify structural differences correlated with the Al content as well as variations in the coordination of arsenate adsorbed on the mineral surface. These analyses showed limited Al accumulation on schwertmannite (up to 5%) with a low effect on its structure. The maximum arsenate sorption capacity (258 mmolH2AsO4 molFe-1) was in the range of that with pure schwertmannite, but a higher proportion of inner-sphere coordination was observed. Finally, Al was found to desorb from schwertmannite, with adsorbed arsenate preventing this effect and increasing the stability of the mineral. These results are useful to interpret observations from the field, in particular from river water affected by AMD and ASS, where similar conditions are observed, and where aluminum incorporation is expected.
Los ríos que drenan la Faja Pirítica Ibérica (FPI) presentan un grave problema de contaminación por aguas ácidas procedentes de minas de sulfuros abandonadas. La construcción de la presa de Alcolea, localizada en el río Odiel, se empezó en 2014 pero se paralizó en 2017, aunque actualmente hay una fuerte presión de los regantes para que se retome. Debido a la acidez que presenta el río Odiel existe una gran polémica sobre la calidad del agua de este embalse. En este trabajo se investiga la calidad del agua en los grandes embalses de la FPI a partir de la información analítica de la red oficial de control de calidad. Los embalses no afectados por aguas ácidas (Jarrama y Corumbel) tienen valores de pH próximos a neutros y muy baja concentración de sulfatos (<12 mg/L). Los embalses de Andévalo y Olivargas tienen un nivel de afección intermedio, presentan también un pH neutro aunque se tienen concentraciones más elevadas de sulfatos (~60 mg/L) y de algunos metales. El embalse del Sancho presenta un nivel de afección mucho mayor y, como consecuencia, tiene un pH medio de 3,6 y elevadas concentraciones de sulfatos (media de 184 mg/L) y metales tóxicos. Se estima que, si no se adoptan medidas de restauración, las condiciones en el embalse de Alcolea serán similares o peores a las del embalse del Sancho.
Earth analogs are indispensable to investigate mineral assemblages on Mars because they enable detailed analysis of spectroscopic data from Mars and aid environmental interpretation. Samples from four sites in the Iberian Pyrite Belt (El Villar, Calañas, Quebrantahuesos, and Tharsis) were investigated using mineralogical, chemical, and spectroscopic techniques, with a focus on clay minerals and alteration environments. They represent Earth analogs of areas on Mars that underwent acidic alteration. X‑ray diffraction and transmittance mid-infrared data indicate that the rocks were subjected to several degrees of acid alteration corresponding to assemblages characterized by the following mixtures: (1) illite, chlorite, interstratified chlorite-vermiculite, kaolinite-smectite, and kaolinite; (2) illite, kaolinite, and alunite; and (3) jarosite and goethite. According to mineral stability data, these three assemblages correspond to pH values 7–5, 5–3, and <3, respectively. The lack of goethite in the illite-kaolinitealunite assemblage suggests an alteration in reducing conditions. Illite was progressively dissolved by acidic alteration but is sufficiently resilient not to be diagnostic of the intensity of the alteration. Illite and kaolinite were the two most abundant phyllosilicate minerals observed, and the main reaction involving phyllosilicates was the alteration of illite to kaolinite. Mixed-layer phases appeared mainly in the mildest degree of acid alteration, with few exceptions. This suggests a transition from a mechanism dominated by transformation to a mechanism dominated by dissolution-precipitation as the intensity of the acid alteration increases. Our results highlight the sparse kaolinite–alunite occurrences on Mars as worthy of specific investigation. Acid alteration on Mars is expected to be patchy and/or consisting of fine alteration rims. Alunite occurrences on Mars in the absence of goethite may indicate an acid alteration in reducing conditions. Kaolinite produced through acid alteration on Mars is expected to exist mainly as an end-member phase of low crystallinity, which would enhance IR absorption and increase its visibility.