ABSTRACT Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted considerable attention in the field of photovoltaics owing to their high power conversion efficiency (PCE), cost‐effective production methods, and versatile applications. However, the widespread use of lead (Pb)‐based materials in PSCs poses challenges related to their toxicity and environmental sustainability. This review explores recent advances in the development of Pb‐free perovskite materials, such as tin (Sn)‐based, germanium (Ge)‐based, and other B(IV) and B(III) cation alternatives, while assessing their electronic properties, stability, and performance‐enhancing strategies. Additionally, we discuss the use of green solvents and fabrication techniques to minimize their environmental impact. This review aims to guide future research toward safe, efficient, and environmentally sustainable PSC technologies, ensuring that the benefits of solar energy can be harnessed without compromising human health or the environment. image

Lead (geology)

10.1002/eom2.70001

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Synthesis and Reinforcement Effects on Bioglass Bone Cement of Chitosan-Hydroxyapatite Composites

材料科学与技术 (2009)

Jingxiao Liu Fei Shi Ling Yu Niu Li-ting Shanshan Gao

Bone cement

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Manuscript for: Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering New insights into the influence of ultrafiltration pretreatment on reverse osmosis membrane fouling during urban sewage reclamation: Interaction between extracellular polymeric substances and inorganic foulants

Journal of environmental chemical engineering (2024)

Jiayu Tian Pengsheng Bu Shanshan Gao Mingyue Geng

Ultrafiltration (renal)

Extracellular polymeric substance

Membrane Fouling

Biofouling

Osmosis

10.1016/j.jece.2024.114368

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Advancing lithium-sulfur battery technology: Research on doped ZnO modified membranes

Materials Research Bulletin (2024)

Ziyi Cao Xianglin Qiu Tianshuo Zhang Guofeng Tang Chenghao Hua

Lithium–sulfur battery

10.1016/j.materresbull.2024.112754

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Effects of Changing the Weights of Arcs on the Consensus Convergence Rate of a Leader-Follower Multi-Agent System

SSRN Electronic Journal (2023)

Shanshan Gao Shenggui Zhang Xinzhuang Chen

For a first-order leader-follower multi-agent system (MAS), its consensus convergence rate is determined by the algebraic connectivity (the smallest real part of nonzero eigenvalues) of the corresponding directed graph of its interaction topology. In this paper, effects of changing the weights of arcs among the followers on the algebraic connectivity are investigated for a leader-follower topology with a weighted strongly connected directed graph as the followers' interaction topology. If the weight of one arc decreases (increases), the algebraic connectivity increases (decreases) if and only if the entry of the Fiedler vector corresponding to its head is smaller than that of its tail. For arcs with a common head, the arc whose tail corresponds to the largest (smallest) entry of the Fiedler vector improves the algebraic connectivity most if the weight of one of these arcs decreases (increases). A necessary and sufficient condition for improving the algebraic connectivity is also proposed for decreasing (increasing) the weights of multiple arcs by the entries of the Fiedler vector corresponding to the vertices of the arcs and the amounts of the weight changes. Moreover, a method of choosing an optimal set of arcs that improve the algebraic connectivity most is proposed if the changing weights are given. Finally, several numerical experiments are given to illustrate the theoretical results.

10.2139/ssrn.4385126

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Supernova Pointing Capabilities of DUNE

Adam Abed Abud B. Abi R. Acciarri M. A. Acero M. R. Adames

The determination of the direction of a stellar core collapse via its neutrino emission is crucial for the identification of the progenitor for a multimessenger follow-up. A highly effective method of reconstructing supernova directions within the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is introduced. The supernova neutrino pointing resolution is studied by simulating and reconstructing electron-neutrino charged-current absorption on $^{40}$Ar and elastic scattering of neutrinos on electrons. Procedures to reconstruct individual interactions, including a newly developed technique called ``brems flipping'', as well as the burst direction from an ensemble of interactions are described. Performance of the burst direction reconstruction is evaluated for supernovae happening at a distance of 10 kpc for a specific supernova burst flux model. The pointing resolution is found to be 3.4 degrees at 68% coverage for a perfect interaction-channel classification and a fiducial mass of 40 kton, and 6.6 degrees for a 10 kton fiducial mass respectively. Assuming a 4% rate of charged-current interactions being misidentified as elastic scattering, DUNE's burst pointing resolution is found to be 4.3 degrees (8.7 degrees) at 68% coverage.

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The DUNE Far Detector Vertical Drift Technology, Technical Design Report

arXiv (Cornell University) (2023)

A. Abed Abud B. Abi R. Acciarri M. A. Acero M. R. Adames

DUNE is an international experiment dedicated to addressing some of the questions at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics, including the mystifying preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early universe. The dual-site experiment will employ an intense neutrino beam focused on a near and a far detector as it aims to determine the neutrino mass hierarchy and to make high-precision measurements of the PMNS matrix parameters, including the CP-violating phase. It will also stand ready to observe supernova neutrino bursts, and seeks to observe nucleon decay as a signature of a grand unified theory underlying the standard model. The DUNE far detector implements liquid argon time-projection chamber (LArTPC) technology, and combines the many tens-of-kiloton fiducial mass necessary for rare event searches with the sub-centimeter spatial resolution required to image those events with high precision. The addition of a photon detection system enhances physics capabilities for all DUNE physics drivers and opens prospects for further physics explorations. Given its size, the far detector will be implemented as a set of modules, with LArTPC designs that differ from one another as newer technologies arise. In the vertical drift LArTPC design, a horizontal cathode bisects the detector, creating two stacked drift volumes in which ionization charges drift towards anodes at either the top or bottom. The anodes are composed of perforated PCB layers with conductive strips, enabling reconstruction in 3D. Light-trap-style photon detection modules are placed both on the cryostat's side walls and on the central cathode where they are optically powered. This Technical Design Report describes in detail the technical implementations of each subsystem of this LArTPC that, together with the other far detector modules and the near detector, will enable DUNE to achieve its physics goals.

CP violation

Time projection chamber

10.48550/arxiv.2312.03130

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Search for first and second generation leptoquarks at D0

OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (1995)

S. Abachi Bernard J. Abbott M. Abolins B. S. Acharya I. Adam

A search for first and second generation pair produced scalar leptoquarks has been done with the DO detector at Fermilab`s p{bar p} machine with {radical}s = 1.8 TeV. Leptoquarks are assumed to be strictly generational; for example, a first generation leptoquark couples only to the electron, its neutrino, and the u and d quarks. 95% C.L. mass limits of 133 GeV/c{sup 2} and 120 GeV/c{sup 2} for respective 100% and 50% decay branching ratios to electron plus quark for first generation scalar leptoquarks have been published. The preliminary results of a search for second generation scalar leptoquarks in the absence of a signal are mass limits of 111 GeV/c{sup 2} and 89 GeV/c{sup 2} for 100% and 50% decay branching ratios to muon plus quark. A feature of these mass limits is that they are independent of the unknown coupling of the leptoquark to leptons and quarks. The detection for e{sup +}e{sup {minus}} and e-p machines depends on the strength of this coupling.

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