Family members frequently seek the social support of relatives and friends as they try to cope with the strain of economic pressure. External support can reduce the distress of individuals, but it may also produce costs for the persons involved. These contrasting effects-a muchneglected problem in the behavioral sciences-may be operating in families with unstably employed husbands whose spouses seek emotional support outside the immediate family. In theory, for example, the wife's support from external sources ameliorates her distress but it can also affirm the husband's sense of failure as a breadwinner and evoke more negatively on his part in family relationships. Using survey and observational data on families in the rural Midwest, this study finds support for this scenario. In families headed by a man with an unstable work history, wife's support from relatives and friends is positively associated with husband's negativity toward spouse. By comparison, this type of wife support in stable work families is inversely associated with husband's negativity. Moreover, husband's negativity toward wife and punitive parenting covary, but this is especially true when the husband is unstably employed. Clearly, the ecology and meaning of social support deserve more attention in relation to family dynamics than they have received to date.
Analyses examined offending patterns during adolescence and adulthood and their relation to child maltreatment subtypes and education factors measured during adolescence and adulthood. A total of 356 participants were followed from preschool to adulthood in a prospective longitudinal study. Child maltreatment subtypes include physical-emotional abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect. Offending patterns were analyzed as latent classes of (a) chronic offending, (b) desistence, and (c) stable low-level or non-offending. Physical-emotional and sexual abuse were associated with a higher likelihood of chronic offending relative to stable low-level offending. Education variables, including high educational engagement and good academic performance, predicted a higher likelihood of low-level offending relative to desistence, but not desistence relative to chronic offending. Only educational attainment predicted desistence relative to chronic offending. There was no moderating effect of education variables on the association between child maltreatment subtypes and later offending patterns. Implications for research, practice, and policy are discussed.
Article Free Access Share on Personal networks: why both and how to get started Authors: Robert Minato Microcomputer Specialist, Willamette University, Salem, OR Microcomputer Specialist, Willamette University, Salem, ORView Profile , John Major Computing and Network Services, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau-Claire, WI Computing and Network Services, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau-Claire, WIView Profile , Judy Martin 235 Bryan Building, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 235 Bryan Building, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NCView Profile , Andrea L. Mox California State University, Chico, 421b Butte Hall, Zip 407, Chico, CA California State University, Chico, 421b Butte Hall, Zip 407, Chico, CAView Profile , Marlene R. Pratto 235 Bryan Building, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 235 Bryan Building, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NCView Profile , Martie Skinner 235 Bryan Building, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 235 Bryan Building, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NCView Profile Authors Info & Claims SIGUCCS '94: Proceedings of the 22nd annual ACM SIGUCCS conference on User servicesOctober 1994 Pages 7–9https://doi.org/10.1145/196355.196372Online:16 October 1994Publication History 0citation87DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations0Total Downloads87Last 12 Months1Last 6 weeks1 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
Research shows that parents' misuse and abuse of alcohol is predictive of the same behavior in their adolescent and young adult children 1, 2. A relationship also exists between parents' alcohol use and later internalizing symptoms and psychological distress in adolescents 1. Moreover, findings related to the co-occurrence of substance use and mental health problems among adolescents show that these problems can and often do overlap, and that they are influenced not just by parents' drinking but also low levels of family support and other related risk factors within the family 3. Whether there are particularly salient risks for similar co-occurring problems in young adult samples is less well understood, and Salom and colleagues 4 have performed an excellent job of attending to these issues in their two-generation longitudinal study. Results of the study show a relatively strong developmental link between co-occurring (comorbid) mental health and alcohol use problems measured in young adults at age 21 and predictors (measured at age 14) of maternal smoking and adolescent drinking, smoking frequency and attention and thought problems. Low maternal warmth, but not measures of family conflict, also predicted comorbidity at age 21. These findings, and others like them, are critical for advancing prevention and intervention programs because they help to isolate malleable targets for universal and more targeted risk reduction strategies 5. In discussing their results, Salom and colleagues 4 comment on a study that colleagues and I published earlier on 800 youth followed into their late 20s 6—a study not unlike theirs, in that we investigate the developmental underpinnings of comorbid outcomes in young adults, with a particular focus on the family. We found that family conflict, measured in late childhood (ages 10–12) and adolescence (13–14 and 15–18), was actually more predictive of comorbid mental health and substance use problems (in young adults at age 27) than were other variables in our analyses, including measures of family involvement and parents' family management practices. Noting what appears to be a discrepancy in our studies' findings, Salom and colleagues suggest that family conflict was a significant predictor for us, but not them, because our earlier study focused on fewer risk factors and did not include measures of maternal warmth and adolescent behavior. This is a plausible explanation, yet differences may exist for other reasons. For example, what we call ‘family conflict’ is not consistent. In the study by Salom et al., the family conflict label refers to three loosely structured measures—one, a multi-item scale of ‘open family communication’; and two, other single-item (yes/no) mother-report measures of parents' living arrangement and a history of relationship violence. In our previous work, the same label refers to several youth-report, age-based (scaled) indicators of how family members ‘get along’, whether they talk things out, criticize one another or frequently argue or shout. This is an important distinction not only because the same label is used differently, but also because there is an assumed independence among variables in both studies that more probably reflect a constellation of factors that also co-occur and impinge upon youth development, and adult functioning by extension. Rather than seeing our findings, therefore, as being in contrast, we see them as pointing similarly at the damage inflicted on young people that comes from having experienced unsupportive and hostile relationships with parents and siblings. Upon review of the two studies, it is also apparent that our measures of comorbidity differ. For Salom and colleagues, comorbidity is a reflection of both ‘life-time’ and past-year mental health disorders, which include affective and anxiety disorders, eating disorders and psychosis. Our measure focused on ‘past-year’ symptoms of depression and anxiety disorders alone. Further, in the current study, life-time alcohol abuse and dependence diagnoses were examined independently of other substance use disorders, whereas we combined our two alcohol measures with others for nicotine and marijuana dependence. Thus, not only does the ‘meaning’ of comorbidity in our two studies differ, but so does the span of development captured by the variables that define the concept. Finally, it is important to note that the ages when we assessed comorbidity differ by several years: ages 21 and 27. Although this is a span of only a few years, it may be important developmentally. According to Arnett 7, the period of ‘emerging adulthood’, which includes the years from approximately ages 18–25, is unique in several ways. It is a period characterized by rapid change and experimentation in which young people feel less bounded than before by parental supervision and yet unconstrained by the adult roles they have yet to assume. At this time in life, rates of highly risky behaviors (e.g. binge drinking) climb, but then decline thereafter. As young people mature out of this phase and enter the next, risky behaviors are replaced by others that are more consistent with adult development. How this pattern affects the assessment and prediction of comorbidity is unclear, although it seems possible that reports of comorbidity symptoms and diagnoses will differ by age and that life-style changes that bring about emotional stability and the added protection of social support from partners and peers may be influential. Focusing on trajectories (persistence and desistence) of disorders throughout early adulthood (into the early 30s) may help to establish whether and how developmental timing impacts upon comorbidity reports and associated risk factors. In short, there is much to be learned from the research by Salom and colleagues and their study possesses many strengths, including its longitudinal design, large sample size and use of data spanning two generations. Drawing attention to the ways in which the study differs from earlier research is not intended to minimize or detract from its contributions. Rather, we hope to encourage more uniformity in definitions and measures, avoiding broad labels especially when trying to expose the underlying risks of a developmental phenomenon that is not yet well understood. Advancing research on risks and outcomes such as those studied by Salom and colleagues will help to strengthen knowledge for prevention; but, to do so for sustained impact, methods and measures must be aligned and findings should be interpreted with precision. None.
Objectives. To evaluate whether the effects of the Communities That Care (CTC) prevention system, implemented in early adolescence to promote positive youth development and reduce health-risking behavior, endured through age 21 years. Methods. We analyzed 9 waves of prospective data collected between 2004 and 2014 from a panel of 4407 participants (grade 5 through age 21 years) in the community-randomized trial of the CTC system in Colorado, Illinois, Kansas, Maine, Oregon, Utah, and Washington State. We used multilevel models to evaluate intervention effects on sustained abstinence, lifetime incidence, and prevalence of past-year substance use, antisocial behavior, and violence. Results. The CTC system increased the likelihood of sustained abstinence from gateway drug use by 49% and antisocial behavior by 18%, and reduced lifetime incidence of violence by 11% through age 21 years. In male participants, the CTC system also increased the likelihood of sustained abstinence from tobacco use by 30% and marijuana use by 24%, and reduced lifetime incidence of inhalant use by 18%. No intervention effects were found on past-year prevalence of these behaviors. Conclusions. Implementation of the CTC prevention system in adolescence reduced lifetime incidence of health-risking behaviors into young adulthood. Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT01088542.
In the present simulation research, the authors examined the relations between the type of information that low-income parents (N = 116) recalled from informed-consent materials and their hypothetical decision to enroll a child in a clinical study. The authors gave parents or guardians of Head Start children information about a medical protocol involving high risk and significant potential benefit to child participants. Differential recall of the various categories of information (procedures, benefits, risks and costs, rights, and other) showed that relative to all consent information conveyed to them, participants recalled most about procedures and least about their child's rights as a study participant. Relative to their own recall, they also recounted most about procedures, slightly more about benefits than risks, and least about research rights. The pattern of recall differed among those who agreed to enroll and those who declined. The ratio of recalled risks to benefits predicted enrollment decisions.
Article Free Access Share on A year in the life of a personal network Authors: Robert Minato Microcomputer Specialist, Willamette University, Salem, OR Microcomputer Specialist, Willamette University, Salem, ORView Profile , John Major Computing and Network Services, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire., Eau-Claire, WI Computing and Network Services, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire., Eau-Claire, WIView Profile , Judy Martin 235 Bryan Building, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 235 Bryan Building, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NCView Profile , Andrea L. Mox Micro Instructional Computing Consultant, California State University, Chico, 421b Butte Hall, Zip 407, Chico, CA Micro Instructional Computing Consultant, California State University, Chico, 421b Butte Hall, Zip 407, Chico, CAView Profile , Marlene R. Pratto Instructional and Research Computing, 235 Bryan Building, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC Instructional and Research Computing, 235 Bryan Building, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NCView Profile , Martie Skinner 235 Bryan Building, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 235 Bryan Building, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NCView Profile Authors Info & Claims SIGUCCS '94: Proceedings of the 22nd annual ACM SIGUCCS conference on User servicesOctober 1994Pages 15–20https://doi.org/10.1145/196355.196382Published:16 October 1994Publication History 0citation118DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations0Total Downloads118Last 12 Months7Last 6 weeks3 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
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