Heinke Schnabel

Max Planck Society

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Ralf Schnabel

Technische Universität Braunschweig

Wolfram Zillig

Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry

Richard Feichtinger

Technische Universität Braunschweig

Pierre Gönczy

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

Titus Kaletta

Biogen (Belgium)

Anthony A. Hyman

Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics

Michael Glotzer

University of Chicago

Michael Granato

University of Pennsylvania

Alper Romano

Institut Pasteur

Peter Palm

Health Net

Cooperative Institutions

MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology

Medical Research Council

Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry

Max Planck Society

University of Cambridge

Max Planck Institut für Zellbiologie

European Molecular Biology Laboratory

Howard Hughes Medical Institute

Harvard University

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

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CSC-1

The Journal of Cell Biology (2003)

Alper Romano Annika Guse Ivica Krascenicova Heinke Schnabel Ralf Schnabel

The Aurora B kinase complex is a critical regulator of chromosome segregation and cytokinesis. In Caenorhabditis elegans, AIR-2 (Aurora B) function requires ICP-1 (Incenp) and BIR-1 (Survivin). In various systems, Aurora B binds to orthologues of these proteins. Through genetic analysis, we have identified a new subunit of the Aurora B kinase complex, CSC-1. C. elegans embryos depleted of CSC-1, AIR-2, ICP-1, or BIR-1 have identical phenotypes. CSC-1, BIR-1, and ICP-1 are interdependent for their localization, and all are required for AIR-2 localization. In vitro, CSC-1 binds directly to BIR-1. The CSC-1/BIR-1 complex, but not the individual subunits, associates with ICP-1. CSC-1 associates with ICP-1, BIR-1, and AIR-2 in vivo. ICP-1 dramatically stimulates AIR-2 kinase activity. This activity is not stimulated by CSC-1/BIR-1, suggesting that these two subunits function as targeting subunits for AIR-2 kinase.

10.1083/jcb.200207117

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Citations (96)

Sexist ads

Nature (1986)

Kathleen Weston Alison Cozens Hillary C.M. Nelson Louise Fairall Linda Amos

10.1038/321106b0

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Citations (1)

Two pathways converge at CED-10 to mediate actin rearrangement and corpse removal in C. elegans

Nature (2005)

Jason M. Kinchen Juan Cabello Doris Klingele Kelvin Wong Richard Feichtinger

CDC42

Rac GTP-Binding Proteins

Small GTPase

10.1038/nature03263

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Citations (263)

An Organ-Specific Differentiation Gene, pha-1 , from Caenorhabditis elegans

Science (1990)

Heinke Schnabel Ralf Schnabel

Embryonic lethal mutations in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans were generated and screened for phenotypes that suggest regulatory functions in order to identify genes involved in the control ofearly development. In embryos homozygous for mutations in one such gene, pha-1, the pharynx fails to undergo late differentiation and morphogenesis. Early pharynx development is not affected; thus, pha-l controls the latter stages of this developmental process. All markers specific for differentiation in various pharyngeal cell types tested are affected, suggesting that pha-1 acts in an organ-specific, rather than cell type-specific, manner. The temperature-sensitive phases of both temperature sensitive mutations indicate that pha-l function is required solely during midembryogenesis, shortly before the onset of morphogenesis.

10.1126/science.250.4981.686

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Citations (89)

Complexity of Developmental Control: Analysis of Embryonic Cell Lineage Specification in Caenorhabditis elegans Using pes-1 as an Early Marker

Genetics (1999)

Laurent Molin Heinke Schnabel Titus Kaletta Richard Feichtinger Ian A. Hope

Abstract In the early Caenorhabditis elegans embryo five somatic founder cells are born during the first cleavages. The first of these founder cells, named AB, gives rise to 389 of the 558 nuclei present in the hatching larva. Very few genes directly involved in the specification of the AB lineage have been identified so far. Here we describe a screen of a large collection of maternal-effect embryonic lethal mutations for their effect on the early expression of a pes-1::lacZ fusion gene. This fusion gene is expressed in a characteristic pattern in 14 of the 32 AB descendants present shortly after the initiation of gastrulation. Of the 37 mutations in 36 genes suspected to be required specifically during development, 12 alter the expression of the pes-1::lacZ marker construct. The gene expression pattern alterations are of four types: reduction of expression, variable expression, ectopic expression in addition to the normal pattern, and reduction of the normal pattern together with ectopic expression. We estimate that ∼100 maternal functions are required to establish the pes-1 expression pattern in the early embryo.

Ectopic expression

Caenorhabditis

Lineage (genetic)

10.1093/genetics/151.1.131

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Citations (11)

An immune strain of Halobacterium halobium carries the invertible L segment of phage ΦH as a plasmid

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (1984)

Heinke Schnabel

The structure of the circular prophage genome of ΦH varies with high frequency in single colony progeny of the defective lysogen Halobacterium halobium R 1 -3. As in linear ΦH DNA, a segment flanked by two copies of the insertion element ISH1.8 is inverted frequently. This L segment can also circularize to a plasmid of 12 kilobase pairs with simultaneous loss of the remaining phage DNA. Strain R 1 -L, which contains this plasmid, is immune to phage infection. A phage variant, ΦHL1, is able to grow on R 1 -L and carries an insertion of 1 kilobase pair in its L segment. ΦHL1 does not grow on normal lysogens. This shows that the plasmid confers to R 1 -L only part of the immunity of normal lysogens.

Lysogen

Prophage

Lysogenic cycle

Reversion

Inverted repeat

Strain (injury)

Temperateness

10.1073/pnas.81.4.1017

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Citations (49)

Ballistic transformation of Caenorhabditis elegans

Gene (1999)

Thomas P. Wilm Petra Demel Hans‐Ulrich Koop Heinke Schnabel Ralf Schnabel

Caenorhabditis

10.1016/s0378-1119(99)00043-8

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Citations (101)

Genesis of an organ: molecular analysis of the pha-1 gene

Development (1994)

Michael Granato Heinke Schnabel Ralf Schnabel

ABSTRACT The organisation of organ formation is still an unsolved problem. Mutations in the zygotic lethal gene pha-1 affect a late step during organ development in the nematode C. elegans. In mutant embryos all tissues in the pharynx fail to undergo terminal differentiation and morphogenesis. The expression of an early differentiation marker in pharyngeal muscle precursors is not impaired in mutant embryos, which suggests that pharynx cells still acquire their identity. Therefore the gene defines an organ-specific terminal differentiation function. We cloned and sequenced the pha-1 gene and found that the deduced protein sequence contains features characteristic of the bZIP family of transcription factors. During embryogenesis a transgenic pha-1 reporter construct is expressed transiently in all pharynx precursor cells at the time when these cells become restricted to form the pharynx organ. A mosaic analysis of the requirement of pha-1 activity during pharynx formation is consistent with the notion that pha-1 acts cell-autonomously in all cells of the pharynx primordium. The data suggest that pha-1 initiates and coordinates programs required for cytodifferentiation and morphogenesis in all cell types of the entire organ on the transcriptional level. We propose that organs are independent developmental units whose identity is reflected on the gene regulatory level.

Primordium

10.1242/dev.120.10.3005

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Citations (16)

Genome organization and transcription in archaebacteria.

PubMed (1984)

Heinke Schnabel Ralf Schnabel Siobhán Yeats Jun Tu Alfons Gierl

The genome organization of the archaebacteria is investigated in three model systems: a) rRNA genes of various archaebacteria, b) a plasmid of 15.6 kb from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius which exists in free or integrated form, c) the 59 kb genome of phage phi H of Halobacterium halobium as a model for the unusual structural variability of DNA in this organism. Several variants of this phage have been isolated, their genomes differ by several insertions, a deletion, and an inversion. The frequent inversion and circularization of a 12 kb segment of DNA appears to be linked to the presence of two copies of an IS element at its flanks. DNA-dependent RNA polymerases have been isolated from a large number of archaebacteria including representatives of 4 families of the novel order Thermoproteales . As shown by immunological methods, they are closely related to those of eukaryotes. Two different types of RNA polymerase exist in the two main branches of the archaebacteria. The role of one component of the enzyme of Thermoplasma acidophilum was elucidated using an in vitro transcription system.

Sulfolobus acidocaldarius

Sulfolobus

Transcription

Thermoplasma acidophilum

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Citations (3)

Serine Hydroxymethyltransferase Is Maternally Essential in Caenorhabditis elegans

Journal of Biological Chemistry (1998)

Greg Vatcher Colin Thacker Titus Kaletta Heinke Schnabel Ralf Schnabel

The mel-32 gene in the free living soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans encodes a serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) isoform. Seventeen ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS)-induced mutant alleles of mel-32(SHMT) have been generated, each of which causes a recessive maternal effect lethal phenotype. Animals homozygous for the SHMT mutations have no observable mutant phenotype, but their offspring display an embryonic lethal phenotype. The Mel-32 phenotype has been rescued with a transgenic array containing onlymel-32(SHMT) genomic DNA. Heteroduplex analysis of the 17 alleles allowed 14 of the mutations to be positioned to small regions. Subsequent sequence analysis has shown that 16 of the alleles alter highly conserved amino acids, while one allele introduces a stop codon that truncates two thirds of the predicted protein.mel-32(SHMT) has a 55–60% identity at the amino acid level with both isoforms of SHMT found in yeast and humans and a 50% identity with the Escherichia coli isoform. The C. elegans mel-32 mutation represents the first case where SHMT has been shown to be an essential gene.

Serine hydroxymethyltransferase

Caenorhabditis

10.1074/jbc.273.11.6066

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Citations (23)