Henry Gershowitz

University of Michigan–Ann Arbor

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James V. Neel

University of Michigan–Ann Arbor

Francisco M. Salzano

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul

Frank B. Livingstone

University of Michigan–Ann Arbor

Donald L. Rucknagel

University of Michigan–Ann Arbor

Napoleon A. Chagnon

University of Michigan–Ann Arbor

Ernest Harburg

University of Michigan–Ann Arbor

Miguel Layrisse

Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas

Donald C. Shreffler

University of Michigan–Ann Arbor

Moses S. Schanfield

George Washington University

Ernest C. Migliazza

University of Maryland, College Park

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University of Michigan–Ann Arbor

National Institutes of Health

Johns Hopkins University

University of Toronto

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul

Yale University

Duke University

The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston

Universidade de São Paulo

University of California, Los Angeles

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GM allotypes in Native Americans: Evidence for three distinct migrations across the Bering land bridge

American Journal of Physical Anthropology (1985)

Robert C. Williams Arthur G. Steinberg Henry Gershowitz Peter H. Bennett William C. Knowler

Abstract We report the results of typings, for immunoglobulin G allotypes, of 5392 Native Americans from ten samples, the typings having been performed over the last 20 years. Four cultural groups are represented: the Pimans—Pima and Papago; the Puebloans—Zuni and Hopi; the Pai—Walapai; and the Athabascans—Apache and Navajo. The haplotype Gm 1;21 has the highest frequency in each population while Gm 1,2;21 is polymorphic in all except the Hopi. The Mongoloid marker Gm 1;11,13 is found primarily in the Athabascans. The Caucasian haplotype Gm 3;5,11,13 is found at polymorphic frequencies in several of the populations but its frequency is very low or absent among nonadmixed individuals. Although Nei's standard genetic distance analysis demonstrates genetic similarity at the Gm and Km loci, the heterogeneity that does exist is consistent both with what is known about the prehistory of Native Americans and traditional cultural categories. When the current Gm distributions are analyzed with respect to the three‐migration hypothesis, there are three distinct Gm distributions for the postulated migrants: Gm 1;21 and Gm 1,2;21 for the Paleo‐Indians 16,000 to 40,000 years ago; Gm 1;21 , Gm 1,2;21 , and Gm 1;11,13 for the second wave of Na‐Dene hunters 12,000 to 14,000 years ago; and Gm 1;21 and Gm 1;11,13 for the Eskimo‐Aleut migration 9,000 years ago. The Pimans, Puebloans, and the Pai are descendents of the Paleo‐Indians while the Apache and Navajo are the contemporary populations related to the Na‐Dene. Finally, the Gm distribution in Amerindians is found to be consistent with a hypothesis of one migration of Paleo‐Indians to South America, while the most likely homeland for the three ancestral populations is found to be in northeastern Asia.

Hopi

Mongoloid

Navajo

10.1002/ajpa.1330660102

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Citations (149)

IgG Levels in Mother‐Father‐Cord Trios¹

Vox Sanguinis (1979)

Robert Williams Henry Gershowitz

Cord plasmas have a higher concentration of IgG than do the mothers, although autologous, fetal immunoglobulin G is only a small fraction of the neonate's complement. Maternal IgG levels are significantly lower than the nonpregnant adult female, a loss of about one third, which cannot be explained completely by maternal immunization of the fetus.

Cord blood

Immunoglobulin M

10.1111/j.1423-0410.1979.tb02278.x

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Hemagglutinins in Uterine Secretions

Science (1958)

Henry Gershowitz S.J. Behrman James V. Neel

10.1126/science.128.3326.719

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Citations (36)

The influence of cultural factors on the demography and pattern of gene flow from the Makiritare to the Yanomama Indians This work has been supported in part by grant AT(11-1)-1552 of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission. Paper presented in part at the Twelfth International Congress of Genetics and the Eighth International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, Tokyo, Japan, 1968.

Napoleon A. Chagnon James V. Neel L.R. Weitkamp Henry Gershowitz M. Ayres

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THE BLOOD GROUP POLYMORPHISMS: WHY ARE THEY THERE?**Supported in part, by U.S.A.E.C. grant #AT(11-1) 1552

Elsevier eBooks (1970)

Henry Gershowitz James V. Neel

10.1016/b978-0-12-057050-8.50010-2

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Gm Allotypes in Mother‐Father‐Cord Trios¹

Vox Sanguinis (1979)

Robert C. Williams Henry Gershowitz

Abstract. When tested at a standard dilution (I:30), mother‐cord Gm phenotypes are identical. A more sensitive assay reveals that the fetus does possess paternal antigen, that is, does produce small amounts of autologous IgG. The paternal antigens, in both the mother and the cord plasma, appear in a mosaic, one that suggests the fetus has the ability to selectively transfer his own IgG subclasses to the mother.

Cord blood

10.1111/j.1423-0410.1979.tb02277.x

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Intra and intertribal genetic variation within a linguistic group: The Ge‐speaking Indians of Brazil

American Journal of Physical Anthropology (1977)

Francisco M. Salzano James V. Neel Henry Gershowitz Ernest C. Migliazza

Abstract A total of 562 individuals living in four villages of two Brazilian Indian tribes (Cayapo and Krahó) was studied in relation to blood groups ABO, MNSs, P, Rh, Lewis, Duffy, Kidd and Diego; haptoglobin, Gc, acid phosphatase and phosphoglucomutase types. These results were compared with those obtained previously among the Xavante, and the inhabitants of three other Cayapo villages, all of whom speak Ge languages; the ranges in gene frequencies observed in a representative series of South American Indians from all over the continent were also compiled. The Ge Indians are characterized by low frequencies of R z , medium frequencies of R 1 , R 2 , R 0 , or r , Jk a and PGM 1 1 , and high frequencies of Gc 2 and ACP A when compared with other South American tribes. Genetic distance analyses based on six loci indicate that the intratribal variability observed among Cayapo is of the same order of magnitude as those obtained among the Xavante and Krahó, being much less pronounced than those observed among the Yanomama and Makiritare. The intertribal differences within this linguistic group are much less pronounced than those encountered among tribes that speak more differentiated languages.

Variation (astronomy)

Haptoglobin

Phosphoglucomutase

10.1002/ajpa.1330470214

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Citations (43)

Specific Differences in the Inhibition Titers of the Anti-H Lectins from Cytisus sessilifolius and Ulex europaeus

Vox Sanguinis (1961)

Chris C. Plato Henry Gershowitz

Ulex europaeus

10.1159/000455451

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Specific Differences in the Inhibition Titers of the Anti‐H Lectins from Cytisus sessilifolius and Ulex europaeus*

Vox Sanguinis (1961)

Chris C. Plato Henry Gershowitz

Summary Test of two commonly used anti‐H reagents (extracts from Cytisus sessilifolius and Ulex europaeus ) demonstrated that group O secretors have the highest titer of H substance, with A 2 , A 1 , B, and AB followhing in that order. A comparison between the two extracts indicated that saliva belonging to persons of group A 1 have about the same amount of both H u and H c (substances inhibiting the Ulex and Cytisus extracts respectively), A 2 and O groups have a much higher titer of H u substance than they do H c , and B and AB groups demonstrate exactly the opposite qualities, with higher H c than H u titers. The most plausible explanation of the data seems to be that at least two different types of anti‐H specifities are involved (anti‐H c and anti‐H u ); these extracts, then, differ not only quantitatively, but qualitatively as well. Résumé Les test pratiqués avec deux réactifs anti‐H utilisés habituellement (extraits du Cytisus sessilifolius et de l'Ulex europaeus) ont démontré que les secréteurs du groupe O possèdent le plus de substances H et ensuite, par ordre décroissant, les secréteurs des groupes A 2 , A 1 , B et AB. Une comparaison établie entre les deux extraits a démontré que la salive des personnes de groupe A 1 a la même quantité de substances H c et H u (substances inhibant les extraits de Cytisus sessilifolius et d'Ulex europaeus respectivement), que la salive des personnes de groupe A 2 et O ont une contenance plus grande en substance H u , que la salive des personnes de groupe B et AB montre des propriétés exactement contraires avec une contenance plus forte en H c qu'en H u . L'explication la plus plausible de ces résultats semble être le fait qu'il y a au moins deux spécificités différentes de l'anti‐H (l'anti‐H c et l'anti‐H u ). Ces extraits se différencient non seulement au point de vue quantitatif mais également au point de vue qualitatif. Zusammenfassung Untersuchungen mit zwei gebräuchlichen Anti‐H‐Reagentien (Extrakte von Cytisus sessilifolius und Ulex europaeus) zeigten, daß Sekretoren der Gruppe O die höchsten H‐Substanz‐Titer aufweisen. Bei Sekretoren der Gruppen A 2 , A 1 , B und AB sind die Titer niedriger, wobei der H‐Substanz‐Gehalt von den A 2 ‐ zu den AB‐Individuen progressiv abnimmt. Vergleichsuntersuchungen mit den beiden Extrakten zeigten, daß der Speichel von A 1 ‐Personen etwa gleicbviel H u ‐ und H c ‐Substanz enthält (H u hemmt Ulex; H c hemmt Cytisus). Der Speichel von A 2 und O‐Sekretoren enthält wesentlich mehr H u ‐als H c ‐Substanz. Der Speichel von B‐ und AB‐Sekretoren enthält umgekehrt mehr H c ‐ als H u ‐Substanz. Die einfachste Erklärung dieser Befunde besteht in der Annhame, daß die Extrakte Anti‐H‐«Antikörper» mit unterschiedlicher Spezifität enthalten. Die unter‐schiedliche Wirkung der Extrakte beruht somit nicht bloß auf quantitativen, sondern auf qualitativen Differenzen der aktiven Komponenten.

Ulex europaeus

10.1111/j.1423-0410.1961.tb03171.x

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Citations (15)

Die Verteilung der ABO-Blutgruppen unter fertilen und infertilen Frauen

Gyn�kologisch-geburtshilfliche Rundschau (1970)

George I. Solish Henry Gershowitz

10.1159/000267787

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