At present it is obvious that genetic peculiarities of patients are the major reason for individual differences in pharmacological responses to р-adrenoblockers. Furthermore ADRB1 gene polymorphism is responsible for the efficiency of р-adrenoblockers. Thus, a real prospect exists for an individualized approach to administration of р-adrenoblockers and selection of dosage based on patient's genotype, which must undoubtedly increase efficiency of the administered therapy. Reviewfocuses on gene polymorphism responsible for р-adrenoblockers pharmacodynamics and on the clinical significance of the polymorphism detection to individualize drug therapy based on patient's genotype.
Oral anticoagulants are widely used to prevent thromboembolic events in patients following total knee arthroplasty [1]. The genetic characteristics of patients affect the efficacy and safety of anticoagulants [2]. Dabigatran etexilate is a direct inhibitor of thrombin used as a prophylaxis of venous thromboembolic events (VTE) in Europe and Russia. [3]. This study evaluated the impact of ABCB1 and CES1 genetic polymorphisms on the peak and residual dabigatran concentration in orthopedic patients. Material and methods: A total of 30 patients aged 43 to 77 years following knee joint replacement were enrolled in the study. All patients received dabigatran etexilate at a dose of 220 mg/day for the prevention of VTEO. ABCB1 and CES1 genetic polymorphism genotyping was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The peak and residual concentrations of dabigatran were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: It was found that the ТТ genotype of the MDR1 gene С3435Т polymorphism is associated with a higher peak concentration of dabigatran than the CC genotype (p <0.1). Statistically significant results for CES1 gene rs2244613 polymorphism were obtained in patients younger than 60 years (p <0.05). The analysis of the haplotypes combination in two polymorphisms showed that the most common haplotype combination CC (rs1045642) ABCB1/CT (rs2244613) CES1 was significantly associated with a higher peak concentration of dabigatran compared to the rest of haplotype combinations (p = 0.002). Conclusions: The examination of a cohort of patients receiving dabigatran for the prevention of VTE during the period of large joints arthroplasty showed that SNPs C3435T ABCB1 and rs2244613 CES1 could play an important role in changing dabigatran concentrations. No data suggestive of the impact of SNP ABCB1 rs4148738 on the peak concentration of dabigatran were received.
Aim . To search for new pharmacogenetic biomarkers of bleeding risk in patients taking rivaroxaban and dabigatran for different indications: atrial fibrillation, endoprosthesis of large joints of lower limbs. Material and methods . The study enrolled 29 patients (17 patients received dabigatran and 12 –rivaroxaban), who had hemorrhagic complications during taking direct oral anticoagulants. To find new pharmacogenetic biomarkers of bleeding risk, a next generation sequencing (NGS) was performed for selected candidate genes. Results . Among the patients with bleeding who received dabigatran, 13 variants of the nucleotide sequence showed statistically significant deviation from the population values: 11 in the CES1 gene and 2 in the ABCB1 gene. Among the patients with bleeding who received rivaroxaban, 7 variants of nucleotide sequence showed significant deviation: 4 in the ABCG2 gene, 2 in the CYP3A4 gene, and 1 in the ABCB1 gene. Conclusion . The identified in this study polymorphisms of candidate genes ABCB1, ABCG2, CES1, CYP3A4 were associated with the risk of bleeding in patients taking rivaroxaban and dabigatran. It makes an important contribution to the pharmacogenetics of direct oral anticoagulants and require additional assessment of clinical significance in further studies.
Background. The introduction of innovative drugs has significantly increased the treatment effectiveness in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM), but the question of whether these expensive options can be financially secured remains open. Objective: to assess the cost of triplets of targeted drugs ixazomib, carfilzomib, elotuzumab and daratumumab with lenalidomide and dexamethasone used in the treatment of RRMM, and to determine possible payment options for this therapy at the level of the Russian Federation subjects. Material and methods. The cost of an annual course of treatment with the studied regimens with centralized purchases and the cost of targeted drugs per hospitalization case were calculated based on the maximum registered prices, recommended doses and treatment regimens. The normative legal acts regulating the payment of drug therapy for multiple myeloma were analyzed and possible financing channels and their limitations were identified. Using the example of the Volgograd and Saratov Regions, tariffs under the compulsory medical insurance system were calculated and their sufficiency in covering the cost of targeted therapy was estimated. Results. The cost of an annual course of triplet therapy per patient in the case of centralized procurement of drugs ranged from 5.51 million rubles (regimen with ixazomib) up to 8.03 million rubles (regimen with carfilzomib). The cost per hospitalization, depending on the number of doses, ranged from 80,667–242,000 rubles (ixazomib, 1–3 doses) in the Saratov Region up to 239,618–958,472 rubles (daratumumab, 1–4 doses) in the Volgograd Region. Possible reimbursement channels are High-Cost Nosologies (HCN), Obligatory Medical Insurance (OMI) and Regional Drug Coverage (RDC) programs, nevertheless triplet therapy cannot be purchased via the single channel and the combination of them is required. It has been shown that, in most cases, the costs for a case of targeted drug treatment in studied regions are covered by the average tariff for the corresponding diagnosis-related group (DRG), except for cases with a maximum duration in a day hospital setting. An analysis of the RDC lists and the procurement of drugs in the studied regimens at the expense of regional budgets showed that lenalidomide, ixazomib, carfilzomib, elotuzumab and daratumumab are included in the restrictive list in regions 77, 74, 66, 63 and 47, but they are purchased only in regions 15, 24, 6, 4 and 6, respectively. Conclusion. The use of a triplet with ixazomib is characterized by the lowest costs, which indicates its greater economic attractiveness relative to carfilzomib, daratumumab and elotuzumab in the treatment of patients with RRMM. The tariffs established in the current DRG model retain the possibility of paying for treatment with the high-cost medicines at the expense of the OMI funds in combination with the HCN or RDC programs. There are reasons to believe that the expansion of the list of 14 HCN program will increase the provision of patients with highly effective therapy and also reduce the financial burden on the regions.
The impact of ABCB1 (rs1045642 and rs4148738) and CES1 (rs2244613) gene polymorphisms on dabigatran equilibrium peak concentration in patients after total knee arthroplasty [Corrigendum] Sychev DA, Levanov AN, Shelekhova TV, Bochkov PO, Denisenko NP, Ryzhikova KA, Mirzaev KB, Grishina EA, Gavrilov MA, Ramenskaya GV, Kozlov AV, Bogoslovsky T. Pharmgenomics Pers Med. 2018;11:127-137.In this paper, the CC genotypes of CES1 (rs2244613) were misrepresented as AA genotypes. For the correct interpretation of the results of this research study, the “AA genotypes” should be corrected to “CC genotypes”. CES1 (rs2244613) genotypes were interpreted incorrectly due to misleading instruction in the RT-PCR commercial kit. Accordingly, in this paper “AA homozygous” should be replaced by “CC homozygous”.Read the original article.