Chemicals are a pivotal part of many operations for the oil and gas industry. The purpose of chemical application in the subsurface reservoir is to decrease the mobility ratio between the displaced fluid and the displacing one or to increase the capillary number. These have been the favorable mechanisms for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). Recently, it became a mainstay with EOR researchers looking for effective and efficient materials that can be economically feasible and environmentally friendly. Therefore, when the development of chemicals reached a peak point by introducing nanosized materials, it was of wondrous interest in EOR. Unlike other sizes, nanoparticles display distinct physical and chemical properties that can be utilized for multiple applications. Therefore, vast amounts of nanoparticles were examined in terms of formulation, size effect, reservoir condition, viscosity, IFT, and wettability alteration. When a holistic understanding of nanoparticles is aimed, it is necessary to review the recent studies comprehensively. This paper reviews the most recently published papers for nanoparticles in oil in general, emphasizing EOR, where most of these publications are between the years 2018 and 2022. It covers a thorough comparison of using nanoparticles in different EOR techniques and the expected range of oil recovery improvements. Moreover, this paper highlights the gaps existing in the field-scale implementation of NPs in EOR and opens space for research and development. The findings of this review paper suggest that the selection of the best NPs type for an EOR application is critical to the reservoir rock properties and conditions, reservoir fluids type, EOR mechanism, chemicals type (surfactant/polymer/alkaline), chemicals concentration used in the flooding process, and NPs properties and concentration.
Abstract In the oil and gas industry, hydraulic fracturing (HF) is a common application to create additional permeability in unconventional reservoirs. Using proppant in HF requires understanding the interactions with rocks such as shale, and the mechanical aspects of their contacts. However, these studies are limited in literature and inconclusive. Therefore, the current research aims to apply a novel method, mainly ultrasound, to investigate the proppant embedment phenomena for different rocks. The study used proppant materials that are susceptible to fractures (glass) and others that are hard and do not break (steel). Additionally, the materials used to represent brittle shale rocks (polycarbonate and phenolic) were based on the ratio of elastic modulus to yield strength ( E / Y ). A combination of experimental and numerical modeling was used to investigate the contact stresses, deformation, and vertical displacement. The results showed that the relation between the stresses and ultrasound reflection coefficient follows a power-law equation, which validated the method application. From the experiments, plastic deformation was encountered in phenolic surfaces despite the corresponding contacted material. Also, the phenolic stresses showed a difference compared to polycarbonate for both high and low loads, which is explained by the high attenuation coefficient of phenolic that limited the quality of the reflected signal. The extent of vertical displacements surrounding the contact zone was greater for the polycarbonate materials due to the lower E / Y , while the phenolic material was limited to smaller areas not exceeding 50% of polycarbonate for all tested load conditions. Therefore, the study confirms that part of the contact energy in phenolic material was dissipated in the plastic deformation, indicating greater proppant embedment, and leading to a loss in fracture conductivity for rocks of higher E / Y .
The petroleum industry has been an ever-growing industry. New technologies are always being introduced to encompass the challenges that are encountered. Nanomaterials are being included in these technologies to improve the operation of different processes. Their distinctive physical and chemical characteristics encourage their use in different sectors such as the upstream, midstream, and downstream of the oil and gas industry. In this chapter, the nanomaterials that are utilized in the oil and gas industries are highlighted. Their implementation in various applications is also provided. These applications include hydrocarbon exploration, well drilling and completion, production operations, enhanced oil recovery mechanisms, transportation, and refining operations. There is also a discussion about existing problems and possibilities for future uses.
Environmental pollution has become an essential issue in today's biosphere. Over the past years, human activities have involuntarily devastated the environment by throwing plastic, contributed to climate change by burning fossil fuels, and polluted the air and waterways with human-made innovations. In addition to harming biodiversity, this pollution also degrades human health. Following this, environmental protection has been one of the crucial challenges faced by humanity in ensuring future sustainability. Nanotechnology proposes many benefits to enhance current environmental technologies and create new ones that are better than the existing ones. The expanding scope of application of nanomaterials and nanotechnology throughout the years fairly succeeded in being a solution for environmental remediation in many activities, such as water treatment in agriculture activities, toxic chemicals, heavy metals removal in industrial activities, and many more. Nanotechnology displays unique properties in comparison to its bulk counterparts, as its high surface-area-to-volume ratio conveys distinctive physiochemical properties. Moving forward, nanotechnology involves three main abilities that can be utilized in the sections of environmental consideration, including remediation and purification, detection of contaminants, and pollution prevention. However, the efficiency key relies on engineering and developing functionalized nanomaterials for specific environmental problems while limiting the potential risks and uncertainties associated with their usage for environmental remediation. This chapter covers conventional remediation procedures such as adsorption, absorption, chemical reactions, photocatalysis, and filtration. It explores the environmental elements subject to pollution while focusing on the practical properties of nanomaterials for tailor-oriented environmental remediation techniques. Furthermore, this chapter highlights several recent applications of nanotechnology that are promising in the field of environmental remediation.
The need for an effective offshore enhanced oil recovery (EOR) solution led to the focus on natural hydrocolloids. Polysaccharide hydrocolloid research is constantly expanding in a variety of petroleum applications such as drilling, flow assurance, and EOR. Corchorus olitorius is being examined in the present study as a potential natural polymer for chemical flooding. This study investigated the rheology and fluid flow characteristics in porous media, focusing on the effects of the concentration, temperature, and salinity of the fluid. Furthermore, core flooding was carried out to evaluate the potential recovery was characterized and found to contain a significant amount of polysaccharides and cellulose. The rheological behavior demonstrated an increase in viscosity with concentration. The relationship between viscosity and temperature is inversely proportional. Additionally, the mucilage viscosity significantly increased in the presence of 35,000 ppm NaCl, varying from 39 to 48 cp. The improvement of oil recovery by a unit PV injection is around 10 and 20% at 0 and 35,000 ppm of NaCl, respectively. In sandstone with a moderate porosity and permeability, the overall oil recovery ranges between 59 and 70%. C. olitorius has complex polysaccharide/cellulose derivatives that improved rheology and produced results that are promising for future offshore applications.
This paper presents an experimental scanning measurement system. The system uses ultrasonic waves in a water-coupled medium to scan an immersed object. Pulse-echo mode is enabled, and data are measured at different locations using an automated table (scanner). A microcontroller is used to control the movement of the scanner, whereas a MATLAB code is used to control the operation of the ultrasonic pulser receiver. MATLAB is also used to control the movement of the automated table. Reflected ultrasonic waves are recorded, and an A-scan image of the surface is generated. The experimental results of a one-pound coin show that the proposed measurement method can be used with high accuracy and can be utilized in further applications with minimal errors.
The petroleum industry faces a lot of challenges in producing hydrocarbons. These challenges became significant with the discovery of unconventional reservoirs. This called for new advanced technologies to be developed. Extended Reach Drilling (ERD) and Hydraulic Fracturing (HF) are two methods that were successfully implemented in different wells around the world. ERD has been used in numerous drilling operations where the reservoir is surrounded by troublesome formations, hence sidetracking is necessary. Hydraulic fracturing is used in the development of many unconventional wells, including shale gas reservoirs. However, these methods still face a lot of challenges during implementation, which can affect the success of the drilling and well completion design. This article discusses the main design considerations for implementing ERD and Hydraulic fracturing in an unconventional reservoir. It also covers the main challenges that should be accounted for while preparing the drilling and well stimulation design to improve the production efficiency. It includes the impact of stress shadows, frac hits, well spacing, casing design, and other factors on the overall success of the process.
Extended Reach Drilling is one process that is almost being used in every drilling operation. Since most of the reservoirs contain hydrocarbons that are either very deep into the formation or are covered with very troublesome formations, sidetracking would be necessary to reach these areas. Using Extended Reach Drilling in the correct way would be more economical to companies since they can replace the need to drill several vertical wells. To build an extended reach well, some designs related to the drill string, casing and hydraulics should be considered. However, Extended Reach Drilling is not a simple method since many parameters can influence the success of the operation such as the hole condition, Equivalent Circulating Density, Torque and Drag trends. Main factors affecting the Drag trends are analyzed.
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