The global vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 has highlighted the need of assessing vaccines' immunogenicity against COVID-19. To evaluate humoral immunity induced by the BNT162b2 vaccine, we enrolled health care workers at AHEPA University Hospital of Thessaloniki, Greece to measure Anti-S SARS-CoV-2, anti-RBD SARS-CoV-2 and neutralizing antibodies. A total of 955 individuals with a median age of 50 years, were included in the study. Median values of antibodies were 1947.27 BAU/mL (Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant), 2064.98 BAU/mL (MAGLUMI SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD IgG) and 2464.63 IU/mL (MAGLUMI SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies). Individuals previously infected had greater antibody responses than infection naive ones and a 7-fold higher neutralizing antibodies titre. Antibodies degreased by age but not sex. Spearman's correlation coefficient among the three assays ranged from 0.903 to 0.969. The BNT162b2 vaccine was highly immunogenic in our cohort. Further research is needed to evaluate the vaccine's immunogenicity through time as well as in different populations.
External information systems often serve as an extended cognitive system and are usually conceived as expansions of the capacity of human cognition. However, the boundaries between our own mind and a powerful cloud mind, like the Internet, are increasingly blurry. This paper discusses recent empirical evidence of various metacognitive phenomena taking place while searching for information on the Internet, against the backdrop of the theory of transactive memory systems and the theory of cognitive offloading. The discussion focuses on the ways our cognitive systems maneuver and adapt their responses to the medium of the Internet by examining its effects on the metacognitive evaluations of oneself as a knower, the novel metacognitive experience of the feeling of findability, and how our metamemory judgments are affected. The conclusion proposes directions for future research and a better understanding of our interaction with the Internet.
Introduction Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are a major public health issue in Europe.Numerous outbreaks of syphilis have been described recently and an increased prevalence of high-risk sexual practices has raised concern about the transmission of HIV and other STDs.Similarly, an increase in sexually transmitted infections has been recorded in Northern Greece.Methods This report describes a recent outbreak of syphilis in people living with HIV.The demographic, clinical, and serologic data of HIV patients diagnosed with syphilis were recorded and analyzed.Data on syphilis incidence from the general population was also compared to HIV patients' data.Results Fifty-eight HIV-patients of the Infectious Diseases Unit of a tertiary hospital (5.2%) were diagnosed with syphilis during a three-year period (2008-2010).Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and coexistence of other STDs were independent predictors of syphilis (OR: 2.4, 95CI%: 1.26, 4.63, p=0.008;OR: 9.4, 95%CI: 4.49, 19.64, p<0.001, respectively).Origin from a country other than Greece (p=0.005), and homosexual contact (p=0.003), were separate risk factors for syphilis in the general population in the same area.Conclusion Diagnosis of a sexually transmitted disease in an HIV patient is a crucial clinical event that should trigger the clinician's suspicion for high-risk sexual behavior.Sexual health assessments should be a routine process for HIV patients.
Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are known to be less immunogenic for some individuals, whereas others present notably high levels of antibody production. We assessed the cellular response to BNT162b2 among individuals with low post-vaccination antibody levels as well as in a small group of individuals with high titers. Antibody levels were assessed by the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant assay. The interferon-γ production of T-cells in response to SARS-CoV-2 antigens was determined using Qiagen's QuantiFERON SARS-CoV-2 ELISA test. Our results showed that participants with high antibody levels presented adequate cellular response in all studied cases, whereas those with low antibody levels generally showed limited to almost absent cellular response five months post vaccination.