To determine indications for cesarean section in alpacas and llamas, and clinical management and outcome of alpacas and llamas undergoing cesarean section.Retrospective case series.27 alpacas and 7 llamas.Medical records were reviewed and information gathered on signalment, anamnesis including reproductive history, physical examination findings, indication for cesarean section, anesthetic protocol, surgical technique, number of crias delivered (alive or dead), additional treatment, duration of hospitalization, and postoperative complications. Follow-up information was gathered via email or telephone interview with owners.Uterine torsion (13/34 [38%]) was the most common reason for cesarean section. The most common surgical approach was the left proximal lateral abdominal approach (21/34 [62%]). Thirty-four crias were delivered via cesarean section. Twenty (59%) were born alive and discharged from the hospital. Retained placenta was the most common complication observed after surgery. A significant association was found between prolonged dystocia and fetal death. Of the 34 dams that underwent cesarean section, 21 were rebred, and 19 of the 21 (90.5%) dams that were rebred became pregnant. Fifteen of 19 dams were confirmed to have ≥ 1 normal vaginal delivery with a live cria following cesarean section.The results of the present study indicated that cesarean section was an effective method of resolving dystocia in camelids without negatively affecting future fertility or parturition by the dam. Prompt referral of patients with dystocia is advised to improve fetal viability. Retained fetal membranes seemed to be a common complication of cesarean section in camelids but was not associated with negative outcomes.
To determine effects of ambient temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, relative barometric pressure, and temperature-humidity index (THI) on nasal submucosal and rectal temperatures in cattle during extreme summer conditions.20 black crossbred beef heifers (mean body weight, 217.8 kg).Nasal submucosal and rectal temperatures were monitored every 2 hours for 24 hours on 3 nonconsecutive days when ambient temperature was forecasted to exceed 32.2°C. Ambient temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and relative barometric pressure were continuously monitored at a remote weather station located at the research facility. The THI was calculated and used in the livestock weather safety index (LWSI). Relationships between nasal submucosal or rectal temperature and weather variables were evaluated.Nasal submucosal and rectal temperatures were related to all weather variables monitored. A positive relationship was determined for ambient temperature and THI with both nasal submucosal and rectal temperatures. A negative relationship was evident for nasal submucosal and rectal temperature with relative humidity, wind speed, and relative barometric pressure. Nasal submucosal and rectal temperatures increased with increasing severity of LWSI category.Effects of environmental conditions on thermoregulation in calves exposed to extreme heat were detected. The positive relationship between nasal submucosal temperature and ambient temperature and THI raised concerns about the efficacy of intranasal administration of temperature-sensitive modified-live virus vaccines during periods of extreme heat. Environmental conditions must be considered when rectal temperature is used as a diagnostic tool for identifying morbid cattle.
This study compared incisional complications after ventral midline laparotomy using 2 absorbable suture materials for apposition of the linea alba in sheep. The linea alba of 93 yearling sheep was sutured by 3 veterinarians in a simple continuous pattern using either polyglactin 910 (PG910; group PG) or polydioxanone (PDS; group PD). A blinded observer assessed surgical sites at the time of suture removal. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the association between incisional complications and variables (suture material used, veterinarian, skin suture removal time). The odds of incisional complications did not vary significantly with the type of suture material used (P = 0.11), veterinarian (P = 0.61) or skin suture removal time (P = 0.36). Most incisional complications were cutaneous suture sinus formation. Either PG910 or PDS may be used for linea alba closure in sheep. Comparison de l’utilisation du polyglactin 910 et du polydioxanone pour suturer la ligne blanche lors de laparotomies ventrales médianes caudales chez la brebis. Cette étude compare les complications incisionnelles suite à une laparotomie ventrale médiane en utilisant 2 fils de sutures pour l’apposition de la ligne blanche chez la brebis. La ligne blanche de 93 brebis a été suturée par 3 vétérinaires en points simples continus avec du polyglactin 910 (PG910; groupe PG) ou du polydioxanone (PDS; groupe PD). Une observation à l’aveugle des sites chirurgicaux a été effectuée lors du retrait des points de suture. Une régression logistique multivariée a été utilisée pour déterminer l’association entre les complications incisionnelles et les variables (matériel de suture utilisé, vétérinaire et temps de retrait des sutures cutanées). Les chances de complications ne variaient pas selon le type de matériel de suture utilisé (P = 0,11), le vétérinaire (P = 0,61) ou la période de retrait des points cutanés (P = 0,36). La majorité des complications étaient des fistules associées aux sutures cutanées. Le PG910 ou le PDS peut être utilisé pour l’apposition de la ligne blanche chez la brebis.(Traduit par les auteurs).
Summary Twelve pedigrees were informative for linkage between the gene locus for the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome and the ABO, MNS, Rh, P, Kell, Lewis, Ddy, and Kidd blood group marker loci. Linkage with a recombination fraction less than θ = 0.1 was unlikely for any marker locus. The most favourable of the possible loose linkages, that between the syndrome locus and Rh locus, showed a 12% probability of linkage when the prior odds against two autosomel loci being on the same chromosome were taken into account. The other marker loci manifested probabilities averaging about 3%.
As medicine advances and physicians are able to provide patients with innovative solutions, including placement of temporary or permanent medical devices that drastically improve quality of life of the patient, there is the persistent, recurring problem of chronic bacterial infection, including osteomyelitis. Osteomyelitis can manifest as a result of traumatic or contaminated wounds or implant-associated infections. This bacterial infection can persist as a result of inadequate treatment regimens or the presence of biofilm on implanted medical devices. One strategy to mitigate these concerns is the use of implantable medical devices that simultaneously act as local drug delivery devices (DDDs). This classification of device has the potential to prevent or aid in clearing chronic bacterial infection by delivering effective doses of antibiotics to the area of interest and can be engineered to simultaneously aid in tissue regeneration. This review will provide a background on bacterial infection and current therapies as well as current and prospective implantable DDDs, with a particular emphasis on local DDDs to combat bacterial osteomyelitis.
